Cinema of Thailand
Cinema of Thailand | |
---|---|
No. of screens | 757 (2010)[1] |
• Per capita | 1.2 per 100,000 (2010)[1] |
Main distributors | GDH 559/GTH Sahamongkol Film International Five Star Production [2] |
Produced feature films (2005-2009)[3] | |
Total | 45 (average) |
Number of admissions (2010)[4] | |
Total | 28,300,000 |
Gross box office (2012)[5] | |
Total | $142 million |
The cinema of Thailand dates back to the
The years after the
Competition from
History
The first Thai films
Auguste and Louis Lumière had a film exhibition that toured in Southeast Asia in 1894, and on 9 June 1897, "the wonderful Parisian cinematograph" was screened in Bangkok, and is the first known film screening in Thailand.[7]
That same year, the film of the visit to Europe by King Chulalongkorn was brought back to Thailand, along with camera equipment acquired by the king's brother, Prince Thongthaem Sambassatra. (Thai: พระองค์เจ้าทองแถมถวัลยวงศ์ กรมหลวงสรรพสาตรศุภกิจ) The prince, considered "the father of Thai cinema", made many films and his work was shown commercially.[8]
Japanese businessmen opened the first permanent cinema, the Japanese Cinematograph, in 1905. Japanese films were so popular that nang yipun became the generic term for all moving pictures. European and American films were called nang
Under another member of the royal family,
Another of the first Thai films was Nang Sao Suwan, or Miss Suwanna of Siam, a Hollywood co-production with the Topical Film Service that was directed and scripted by Henry MacRae. It premiered on 22 June 1923, in Bangkok at the Phathanakorn Cinematograph. Miss Suwanna has been lost over the years, with only a few still photos from it remaining.[12]
The first all-Thai feature was Chok Sorng Chan (Double Luck), produced by the Wasuwat brothers' Bangkok Film Company in 1927 and directed by
Seventeen films were made between 1927 and 1932, but only fragments have survived, such as a one-minute car chase from Chok Song Chan[13] or a two- to three-minute boxing match from Khrai Di Khrai Dai (None But the Brave).[14]
Hollywood would also make movies in Siam during this time, including the
Robert Kerr, who served as assistant director to Henry MacRae on Miss Suwanna, returned to Siam in 1928 to direct his own film, The White Rose. It was shown in Bangkok in September 1928.
The Golden Age
By 1928, the first "
The first Thai sound film was Long Thang (Gone Astray), produced by the Wasuwat brothers, and premiered on 1 April 1932. Considered an ideological film in the period of political reform, the film proved a big success and led to the building of the Sri Krung Talkie Film Company in
In 1933, Sri Krung made the first colour Thai film, Grandpa Som's Treasure (Pu Som Fao Sap).
This period up until 1942 is regarded by scholars as the "Golden Age" of Thai film.
Among the hit films of this period was the 1938
As the
Opposition politics found their way into film, too, with statesman
Film dubbing
The advent of sound raised another problem for cinemas in Thailand: the language of the talkies. Soon a
Also, there were film companies that could not afford to make sound films, and would make films with the intention that they would be dubbed at screenings by live performers reading from a script. These dubbed films proved as popular as the talkies, especially if the dubber was well known.
Due to the extensive use of
Post-war years: The 16-mm era
After the end of the Second World War, filmmaking got under way again in Thailand using surplus
At least two Thai films were produced in 1946. One was an action film, Chai Chatree (Brave Men), directed by journalist-turned-filmmaker Chalerm Sawetanant. The screenplay was by writer Malai Chupinij, who would go on to script other films of the era, including Chao Fah Din Salai (Till Death Do Us Part). The other film noted by the National Film Archive for 1946 was an adaptation of a Thai folktale, Chon Kawao (The Village of Chon Kawao).[18]
The post-war boom in filmmaking really took off, however, with the use of 16-mm colour-reversal film, which was easy to obtain and make films with. The vividly coloured films were popular with audiences as well, prompting dozens of new filmmakers to enter the business.[19]
Similar to the
The first hit of the era was 1949's Suparb Burut Sua Thai (Thai Gentlemen Fighters), which outgrossed
Move toward 35 mm
At the height of the 16-mm era, cinematographer and director
Though Rattana made relatively few films, he worked tirelessly to promote the industry, and died in 1970 as he was to make a speech to government officials about setting up a national film agency.
The 1970s and '80s
Thailand saw an explosion of locally produced films during the 1970s after the Thai government imposed a heavy tax on imported films in 1977, which led to a boycott of Thailand by Hollywood studios. To pick up the slack, 150 Thai films were made in 1978 alone. Many of these films were low-grade action films and were derided by critics and scholars as "nam nao" or "stinking water".
But socially conscious films were being made as well, especially by Prince
Another filmmaker active during this time was
Also in 1985, director
The Thai New Wave
By 1981, Hollywood studios were once again sending films to Thailand. Also,
In the wake of the
The first breakthrough was in 1997, with Nonzee's crime drama,
Nonzee's next film, the ghost story
Wisit, who wrote screenplays for Dang Bireley's and Nang Nak, broke out with Tears of the Black Tiger, a super-stylised western homage to the Thai action films of the 1960s and '70s. It was the first film to be included on the programme at the Cannes Film Festival.
There were also the
Thai independent film
With the
The leader of this indie movement is
Other indie directors include Aditya Assarat (Wonderful Town), Anocha Suwichakornpong (Mundane History), Pimpaka Towira (One Night Husband), Thunska Pansittivorakul (Voodoo Girls), Sivaroj Kongsakul (Eternity), Wichanon Somumjarn (In April the Following Year, There Was a Fire) and Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit (36).
Mainstream Thai cinema
With the emergence of
Under GDH, formed after an internal company dispute it continued to produce a slate of successful films such as One Day, The Promise and Nattawut Poonpiriya's school heist thriller, Bad Genius starring Chutimon Chuengcharoensukying, which grossed around 112.15 million baht ($3.3 million).[27] Bad Genius is currently registered as a national heritage film by the Thai Film Archive in its eighth annual listing, given its significance to the modern Thai film industry and contemporary Thai culture.[28][29]
Censorship
All films,
The first board of censors included both men and women and was drawn from the ranks of aristocracy, the civil service and the police. Each film passed by the censors had to include a stamp on each reel, and each item of printed advertising had to contain the stamp, too. The National Police was responsible for screening films and videos until September 2005, when the government's Ministry of Culture took over the function. Every VCD and DVD sold for home viewing must bear a stamp that it has passed the Censorship Board.
On some VCDs and DVDs produced in Thailand, the censors sometimes take a hard line against depictions of
Before the digital age, scissors and petroleum jelly were the tools of the trade for censors. Today the offending images are blurred out electronically. The effect of pixelization is so pervasive that the practice has been satirised in films, including 2004's action comedy, Jaew or M.A.I.D., as well as the zombie comedy, SARS Wars.
Imported DVDs are generally not altered by the Thai authorities, though the Ministry of Culture's watchdogs do ban items, or at least strongly encourage retailers to not carry them. From the time the Ministry of Culture took over the censorship board until March 2006, about 40 VCD or DVD titles were banned, though a list of the banned items was not made available.[31]
In 2007, the independent film, Syndromes and a Century was to undergo cuts before public release in Thailand. The censors objected to depictions of a Buddhist monk playing guitar, a physician kissing his girlfriend, some doctors drinking whisky in a hospital conference room and some monks playing with a remote-control flying saucer.[32] Director Apichatpong Weerasethakul would not make the cuts and withdrew his film from release in Thailand. It had previously screened in other countries uncut.[33]
After the controversy over Syndromes and a Century, the Free Thai Cinema Movement started to gain momentum in late April 2007.
The 1930 Film Act was replaced in 2009 by a film-ratings system. The ratings system has six classifications – G for general audiences, P for "promote" as educational, 13+, 15+ and 18+ suggested viewing ages and the restricted 20- rating, which requires ID checks at the cinemas.[36] A hidden seventh tier of the system is an outright ban by the Film and Video sub-committee.[37]
Genres
Action
Action films are a predominant genre of Thai film. During the 1960s and '70s, when Mitr Chaibancha and Sombat Metanee were the leading action heroes, hundreds of hard-hitting, explosive features were made.
In recent years, the
The culture of Thailand's B-movie stuntmen is further examined in the 2005 documentary, Crying Tigers, by Santi Taepanich.
Action comedies have also proven to be popular, including 2001's
Animation
Thai animation got underway after the
Sanae in turn influenced Payut Ngaokrachang, who made a 1955 short about a traffic cop called Haed Mahasajan. Payut went on to make Thailand's first and only cel-animated feature film, The Adventure of Sudsakorn, in 1979.
Because of the labour-intensive work involved with animation, it was cheaper for studios to make live-action films, so animation was eschewed. But in recent years, Thailand's technology community has sought to make the country a hub for computer animation, with many animated television shows, commercials and video games being created in Thailand.
In 2006, Thailand's first computer-animated feature film was released, . Although the work is being done on computers, Kompin has faced many of the same difficulties in funding and human resources that Payut faced.
Comedies
No matter what the genre of Thai film, most films – be they action, horror or romantic dramas – have some element of comedy.
One of the classic comedies from the 1960s is called Ngern Ngern Ngern (Money, Money, Money). It starred Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat in a story about the nephew of an unscrupulous moneylender who takes sides with a group of debtors against his uncle. The remake of the film was done in the 1980s.
In 2005, the comedy
Crime
Most of the films by
A true-crime film, 2003's Macabre Case of Prom Pirom (Keunbab prompiram) by veteran director Manop Udomdej, about a 1977 murder-rape of a young woman in a rural village was controversial because the village where the case took place did not want the incident revisited. The film played at many overseas festivals, including the New York Asian Film Festival.
Another true-crime case about a cannibalistic serial killer in 1946 Bangkok was depicted in the 2004 film Zee-Oui.
Gay films
Kathoey (transgender people) or gay people are often featured as comic relief or villains in mainstream Thai films, but there have been a number of films that make gay people and kathoey the main characters.[38] Transgender people and gay people are also known as "tdoot", originated from the title of the 1982 American film Tootsie. One of the first was
In 2011, Thanwarin Sukhaphisit's
In 2012, Thanwarin's
Historical epics
Another staple of the Thai film industry, among the biggest was 2003's The Legend of Suriyothai by Chatrichalerm Yukol, who had done research for many years to write the screenplay. With a huge budget, support from the royal family and the cooperation across the nation's film industry, this film is considered a true "national film".[41] A follow-up epic is 2007's King Naresuan, about 16th century ruler King Naresuan the Great, which topped the budget for Suriyothai, and was shown in two parts.
Other epics include
More recent history is depicted in The Overture, covering the life of a palace musician from the late 19th century to the 1940s, and The Tin Mine, set at a mine in southern Thailand in the 1950s.
Horror
Many of the Thai early horror movies such as 1958 Mae Nak Phra Khanong and 1973 movie of Thai folklore that became very popular.
In 2013, Pee Mak Phra Khanong, another spin-off from Mae Nak folklore, became an instant hit throughout Southeast Asia, earning more than ฿1 billion. Pee Mak is currently the highest grossing Thai film in the history of Thai cinema.[citation needed]
Examples of slasher movies include
The horror genre also has spawned a number of genre-blending horror comedies, most notably the films of Yuthlert Sippapak, Buppah Rahtree (featured at the Toronto International Film Festival) and a sequel, and Krasue Valentine. There has even been a zombie movie, 2004's SARS Wars.
Musicals
The biggest hit musical was 1970's
As a result, a whole genre of luk thung musicals, rhapsodizing Thailand's rural life in Isan was created. Another example was Dokdin Kanyamarn's 1971 musical comedy, Ai Tui (Mr. Tui), which starred Sombat Metanee and Petchara.
In 2001 there were two movies that celebrated luk thung, the singing-contest comedy
Romance
Weepy, sentimental romance stories are audience favorites. Historically,
During the 1980s, Baan Sai Thong based on the novel Kor Surangkanang was a popular hit.[43] More recent examples include The Letter, in which tissues were actually handed out at the cinemas.
Childhood romance was a hit with 2003's Fan Chan, which was made by six directors. One of the six, Komgrit Treewimol, went on to make the college-age romance, Dear Dakanda, a hit in 2005, but took three years to completely write, cast, film, and tweak.
Today, the romcom genre dominates the Thai cinema industry with the majority of the films are produced and distributed by GMM Grammy's GTH and GDH 559 with films like Hormones, Hello Stranger, I Fine..Thank You..Love You, Heart Attack and under GDH One Day by Banjong Pisanthanakun.
Teen
As a genre, teen films arose in the 1970s, with director Piak Poster's Wai Ounlawon, about a young man whose courtship of a teenage girl puts him at odds with the girl's irascible father. That young couple, portrayed by the original actors, were revisited 30 years later as embattled parents in the 2005 sequel, Wai Ounlawon 4 (Oops ... There's Dad).
Music was an important component of the teen films, with a musical interlude featured prominently in the film and a soundtrack album that would be a popular hit. This was the case with both Wai Ounlawon and its recent sequel.
Another noteworthy film of this genre is Fake, which was the debut film by Thanakorn Pongsuwan. The film's modern, visual style offers a sharp-focus snapshot of the city of Bangkok and a plausible account of the mating game in its current forms.
Short films
In the burgeoning independent film movement, many short films are being produced and featured in festivals. Graceland, a film by Anocha Suwichakornpong, about an Elvis impersonator, was featured in the Cinéfondation competition at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. It was the first Thai short film selected at Cannes. Short-film festivals in Thailand include the Thai Short Film and Video Festival by the Thai Film Foundation and the Fat Film Festival by Fat Radio. Thai short-film programs are also put together for the Bangkok International Film Festival and the World Film Festival of Bangkok. for the past two years CNXWOOD Studios has co-sponsor a Film Festival, in the northern city of Chiang Mai in conjunction with Creative Kingdom Animation Studios Film.
Pen-ek Ratanaruang's Twelve Twenty (30 min) was made as part of the Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers project for the 2006 Jeonju International Film Festival. The film stars Ananda Everingham, has an appearance by American bilingual actor Erich Fleshman, and was shot by Christopher Doyle. The short film is shot in a minimalist style and slowly moves along the encounters of a man and a woman on a long-haul flight, where they spend the next 12 hours and 20 minutes reading, drinking, eating and watching movies and sleeping by each other's side without talking.
In 2007, Digital Forum by Thai Film Foundation, Festival for a digital long-film
Foreign co-productions
While Thailand has a relatively vibrant filmmaking scene, Thai production companies rarely does co-productions in the country though there has been an increase in the number of Thai-foreign co-productions since the 21st century. Notable films include the Hong Kong-co production
Festivals and awards
Film festivals
The
In 2007,
Film awards
The first film awards in Thailand were the "Golden Doll" awards given by Tukata Tong magazine. The awards were first given in 1957. The statuette at first was a
The
There is also the
Key figures
Actors
- Mitr Chaibancha – legendary Thai leading man of the 1960s and '70s, died while filming a stunt
- Sombat Metanee – record-breaking Thai leading man from the 1960s and '70s
- Tony Jaa – contemporary Thai action star, known for his hard-hitting stuntwork in Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior and Tom-Yum-Goong
- Ananda Everingham – contemporary Thai actor of Lao and Australian descent, widely known for his roles in Shutter, Pleasure Factory, Me... Myself and Eternity
- The Love of Siam
- Sunny Suwanmethanont – contemporary Thai actor of French and Singaporean descent, widely known for his roles in I Fine..Thank You..Love You, Heart Attack and Happy Old Year
Actresses
- Petchara Chaowarat – iconic leading lady of Thai films in the 1960s and '70s
- Chermarn Boonyasak – contemporary Thai actress, widely known for her roles in Last Life in the Universe, Love of Siam, Buppah Rahtree, Eternity and Samui Song
- Chutimon Chuengcharoensukying – contemporary young Thai actress, widely known for her roles in Bad Genius and Happy Old Year
Cinematographers
- Ampornpol Yukol
- Charnkit Chamnivikaipong
- Phuttiphong Aroonpheng
- Sayombhu Mukdeeprom – internationally known Thai cinematographer who worked with Apichatpong Weerasethakul and Italian filmmaker Luca Guadagnino.
Directors
- Aditya Assarat – director of Wonderful Town and Hiso, won a Tiger Award at the 37th International Film Festival Rotterdam
- Anocha Suwichakornpong – director of Mundane History, won a Tiger Award at the 39th International Film Festival Rotterdam
- Apichatpong Weerasethakul – avant-garde director, won three prizes at Cannes Film Festival, including Palme d'Or in 2010
- Chatrichalerm Yukol – veteran director, maker of The Legend of Suriyothai and socially conscious films from the 1970s to the '90s
- Cherd Songsri – one of the first Thai directors to make films with international audiences in mind
- Locarno International Film Festival
- Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit – director of 36, won a New Currents Award and FIPRESCI (International Federation of Film Critics) Award at the 18th Busan International Film Festival
- Nonzee Nimibutr – among the first directors in the late 1990s to re-energize the Thai film industry
- Pen-Ek Ratanaruang – his films are frequently shown at major international film festivals, won a Don Quixote Award (Special Mention) at the 50th Berlin International Film Festival
- Rattana Pestonji – pioneering director; first Thai director to have a film in an international competition
- Sivaroj Kongsakul – director of Eternity (ที่รัก), won a Tiger Award at the 40th International Film Festival Rotterdam
- Thunska Pansittivorakul – director of Voodoo Girls
- Wichanon Somunjarn – director of In April the Following Year, There Was a Fire, nominated for the Tiger Award at the 2011 International Film Festival Rotterdam
- Citizen Dog; also a noted screenwriter
Film editors
- Pen-Ek Ratanaruang on Fun Bar Karaoke, Monrak Transistor, Last Life in the Universe and Invisible Waves
- Lee Chatametikool – worked with Apichatpong Weerasethakul on Blissfully Yours and Tropical Malady
Producers
- Film Bangkok production house, which was behind such hits as Bangkok Dangerous and Tears of the Black Tiger; also a director, screenwriter, editors, and comic actor
- Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, she founded the Cinemasiaproduction marque and helped foster a trend of pan-Asian film production in Thailand; died in 2003
- Mingmongkol Sonakul – independent director and producer; has handled Pen-Ek Ratanaruang's works including Invisible Waves and Twenty Twenty; worked closely with GTH on such projects as Alone
- Tom-Yum-Goong; his Baa Ram Ewe production marque is seen on many Thai films
- Somsak Techaratanaprasert – chief executive of Sahamongkol Film International; behind many hit films, including Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior
- Soros Sukhum (known as Thongdee) – independent producer; partner of Song Sound Production and Mosquito Films; regarded as one of the most versatile and important independent producers working in Thailand; supports the new generation of Thai filmmakers including Aditya Assarat, Sivaroj Kongsakul, Anocha Suwichakornpong Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit, and Lee Chatametikool[44]
Screenwriters
- Kongdej Jaturanrasamee – writer on such films as Tom-Yum-Goong and Noo Hin: The Movie
- Pen-Ek Ratanaruang on Last Life in the Universe and Invisible Waves
Notable Thai films
Cinema of Thailand |
---|
List of Thai films |
Actresses |
Male actors |
Film directors |
Horror films |
Queer films |
Cinemas in Thailand |
Films shot in Thailand |
- 1923 - Miss Suwanna of Siam, though a Hollywood co-production, it's generally regarded as the first Thai film.
- 1927 - Chok Sorng Chan (Double Luck), the first all-Thai production.
- 1940 - Pridi Phanomyong.
- 1954 - Asia Pacific Film Festivalin Tokyo).
- 1961 - Black Silk, the first Thai film in competition at the Berlin International Film Festival.
- 1970 - musical. It played in cinemas for six months.
- 1973 - Khao Chue Karn (Dr. Karn), directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol, it was nearly banned because of its controversial look at corruption in the Thai civil service.
- 1977 - Plae Kao (The Scar), directed by Cherd Songsri, it was the most successful Thai film at the box office of its day; also a prize-winner at the Three Continents Festival in Nantes, France.
- 1979 - animated cartoon feature, directed by Payut Ngaokrachang.
- 1985 - Butterfly and Flowers, an award-winning depiction of poverty along the Southern Thailand border, directed by Euthana Mukdasanit.
- 2000 - Tears of the Black Tiger (Fah Talai Jone), directed by Wisit Sasanatieng, it was the first Thai film to be included in the Cannes Film Festival programme.
- 2001 - The Legend of Suriyothai, Chatrichalerm's epic was the biggest film ever made in the Thai film industry.
- 2002 - Un Certain Regard Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.
- 2002 - Butterfly Man, directed by Kaprice Kea, won two awards, Best Actress Napakpapha Nakprasitte, Best Cinematography Mark Duffield at the Slamdunk Film Festival in 2003.
- 2003 - Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, was awarded Upstream Prize for Best Actor to Tadanobu Asano at the 60th Venice International Film Festival.
- 2003 - Tropical Malady, by Apichatpong Weerasethakul, was awarded a jury prize in the main competition at the Cannes Film Festival.
- 2004 - The Overture, by Ittisoontorn Vichailak, was awarded several awards in Thailand and was the country's official selection for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
- 2006 - Berlin Film Festival.
- 2007 - Rotterdam International Film Festival.
- 2008 - Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, was premiered during the Directors' Fortnight at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.
- 2009 - Mundane History, by Anocha Suwichakornpong, won Tiger Award at International Film Festival Rotterdam 2010.
- 2010 - Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, by Apichatpong Weerasethakul is the first Thai film to be awarded Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, the first Asian film since 1997.
- 2013 - Pee Mak Phra Khanong, by Banjong Pisanthanakun. Pee Mak has earned more than 1 billion baht ($33 million) in revenue worldwide (mostly in Asia), and is currently the highest-grossing Thai film of all time.
- 2016 - By the Time It Gets Dark, by Anocha Suwichakornpong, was premiered in the International Competition section for Golden Leopard at the 69th Locarno Film Festival.
- 2017 - Bad Genius, by Nattawut Poonpiriya. Bad Genius has made 112.15 million baht ($3.3 million), making it the highest-grossing Thai film of 2017.
- 2017 - Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, was premiered in the "Venice Days (Giornate degli Autori)" section at the 74th Venice International Film Festival.
- 2020 - Happy Old Year, by Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit, was premiered in the Voices Main Programme section at the 49th International Film Festival Rotterdam.
- 2021 - One for the Road, by Nattawut Poonpiriya, was awarded Special Jury Award for Creative Vision in the World Cinema Dramatic Competition at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival.
See also
- Lakorn
Further reading
- Richardson, Thomas (1994). A conversation with Khun Dome Sukwong (archivist at Thai Film Foundation), Cornell University (retrieved via Internet Archive).
- Stephens, Chuck (May 30, 2003). "Songs and snake oil". The Guardian.
- Chaiworaporn, Anchalee (April 11, 2006)."New Thai Cinema". "Fipresci".
- Williamson, Robert (March 11, 2005). "Thai cinema: Sustainable development or imminent decline?". Thai Film Foundation.
- Pansittivorakul, Thunska (April 29, 2006). "A Conversation with the editors of Bioscope Magazine" Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. Criticine.
- Pansittivorakul, Thunska (April 29, 2006). "A Conversation with Kong Rithdee" Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. Criticine.
- Hunt, Matthew (October 2012) "Thai Movie Censorship. "Encounter Thailand".
- Introduction: Considering Thai National Cinema, a 351-page article from Murdoch University
References
- Boonyaketmala, Boonrak (January 23, 2006) "The rippling waves of new cinema" Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune/ThaiDay. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
- Chaiworaporn, Anchalee. "A Brief History of Cinema in Thailand", FIPRESCI, updated April 11, 2006.
- Fleshman, Erich (2005) A Brief History of Thai Cinema, Notes from Hollywood. Retrieved December 23, 2005.
- Richardson, Thomas (1993), Thai Film Timeline (retrieved March 19, 2007).
- Rithdee, Kong (2005) Fallen idols[permanent dead link], Bangkok Post. Retrieved December 23, 2005.
- Sukwong, Dome and Suwannapak, Sawasdi. A Century of Thai Cinema, Thames and Hudson, 2001. ISBN 0-500-97603-1
- Hunt, Matthew (2020). Thai Cinema Uncensored. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 9786162151699.
Notes
- ^ a b "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ "Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ "Average national film production". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ "Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ "International Box Office: 13 Hot Emerging Markets". The Hollywood Reporter. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ Antithawat, Suthakorn. "The Wild Bunch: A Brief Overview Of Thai Action Films". www.fareastfilm.com (in Italian). Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ Anchalee Chaiworaporn, The Birth of Film Screening in Thailand Archived 2007-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, Thai film foundation
- ^ Prince Sanbassart (Prince Thongthamthawanwong) - The Father of Thai Filmmaking. Archived 2007-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, Thai film foundation
- ^ (in Thai) History of Thai film (ประวัติภาพยนตร์ไทย) Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine ,Rimping foundation
- ^ Edmondson, Ray (September 2003). "East of the Sun, West of Moon: A Region in Memory" (PDF). Introductory essay for the “Memory of the World” film series, as published in the catalogue of the Giornate del Cinema Muto, Sacile, Italy. South East Asia Pacific Audio Visual Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ a b (in Thai) The rise of Thai cinemas (ความรุ่งโรจน์ ของอุตสาหกรรมภาพยนตร์ยุคบุคเบิก) Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kong Rithdee, Historical inspiration Thai film foundation
- ^ The one-minute fragment was exhibited in 2006 in Paris during the "Tout a Fait Thai 2006: The Thai Culture Festival in France" (Rithdee, Kong. October 13, 2006. "Screen test", Bangkok Post, Real Time, Page R1.
- ^ (in Thai) Manit Wasuwat Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine ,Thai film foundation
- ^ Jeffrey M. Anderson, Chang (1927)
- ^ (in Thai) History of Thai films part 4 Archived 2008-02-24 at the Wayback Machine ,Thainationalfilm.com
- ^ Natee, Kritya (translator) and Himes, Robert (editor). January 1, 2004. "Manee Sumonnaj (The Shining Star)" Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Thai Film Foundation.
- ^ "Good old days: Thai cinema has a long history", Bangkok Post retrieved August 9, 2006.
- ^ a b (in Thai)Thai films in 16-mm era Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine ,Thai film foundation
- ^ (in Thai)History of Thai films part 10 Archived 2008-02-24 at the Wayback Machine ,Thainationalfilm.com
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ a b Robert Williamson, Thai cinema: sustainable development or imminent decline? Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine ,Thai film foundation
- ^ "No retreat, no surrender". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ Brzeski, Patrick (May 3, 2013). "Teenager Dies in Thailand Imitating Scene From Hit Film 'Pee Mak'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
- ^ Ayunda, Siti (2024-03-20). "24 Rekomendasi Film Thailand Terbaik Dari Berbagai Genre" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ Wangtechawat, Pim (July 17, 2019). "How a film shaped and captured restless Thai generation". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ "รายชื่อภาพยนตร์ที่ได้รับการขึ้นทะเบียนเป็นมรดกภาพยนตร์ของชาติ ครั้งที่ 8 ปี 2561" [List of films registered as national heritage films, 8th listing, 2018]. Thai Film Archive (in Thai). Film Archive (Public Organization). Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ Wattanasukchai, Sirinya (January 6, 2006) "Not in my house" Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, ThaiDay. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
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- ^ Rithdee, Kong. Thai director cancels film's local release, Bangkok Post (retrieved April 12, 2007).
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ Rithdee, Kong. December 20, 2007. Thailand passes controversial film act, Variety (magazine); retrieved 2007-12-21
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ Jaichalard, Pakamard. [1] Archived 2014-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Xpress (retrieved April 24, 2013).
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ The real pride in being gay Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Nation (Thailand); retrieved 2007-11-17
- ISBN 9786162151699.
- ^ Chalida Uabumrungjit, Coming of Age of New Thai Cinema Archived 2007-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Thai film foundation
- ^ Ghosts of Guts Eater (Thailand 1973)
- ^ "Thai govt pins border hopes on soaps" Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Nation (retrieved January 2, 2007.
- ^ "who_soros". www.electriceelfilms.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
External links
- Top 10 Thai Movie List reviews and previews of the top 10 Thai movies recommended for foreigners
- Thailisting List of movie showtime listing in Siam area.
- Thai films Archived 2008-05-09 at the Internet Movie Database– Links to index of the Thai-language titles
- Thai Film Database
- Thailand box office results at Box Office Mojo
- MovieSeer – English and Thai movie listings and synopses
- Thai Film Foundation – National Film Archive companion website
- ThaiCinema.org – Thai and English news and reviews
- 2007 movie release schedule – At the Pantip.com portal; to navigate to different years, change the date in the URL.
- Chalermthai archives – Pantip.com's Thai movie synopses and photos
- Deknang (in Thai) – News, forum and galleries
- CinemaThai – English-language reviews and photo galleries
- Thai Cinema at Thai World View – Images and English-language content
- Thai film reviews at Hong Kong Cinema – View from the Brooklyn Bridge
- Criticine Thailand Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine – Thailand page of Southeast Asian Cinema journal Criticine