Coagulative necrosis

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Coagulative necrosis is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis, the architectures of dead tissue are preserved for at least a couple of days.[1] It is believed that the injury denatures structural proteins as well as lysosomal enzymes, thus blocking the proteolysis of the damaged cells. The lack of lysosomal enzymes allows it to maintain a "coagulated" morphology for some time. Like most types of necrosis, if enough viable cells are present around the affected area, regeneration will usually occur. Coagulative necrosis occurs in most bodily organs, excluding the brain.[2] Different diseases are associated with coagulative necrosis, including acute tubular necrosis and acute myocardial infarction.[2]

Coagulative necrosis can also be induced by high local temperature; it is a desired effect of treatments such as

high intensity focused ultrasound applied to cancerous cells.[3]

Causes

Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by conditions that do not involve severe

chronic immune response. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes cell death in a localized area which is perfused by blood vessels failing to deliver primarily oxygen, but also other important nutrients. It is important to note that while ischemia in most tissues of the body will cause coagulative necrosis, in the central nervous system ischemia causes liquefactive necrosis
, as there is very little structural framework in neural tissue.

Pathology

Histopathology of a pheochromocytoma with coagulative necrosis, displayed at gross pathology (upper left) and light microscopy at low (upper right), medium (lower left) and high magnification (lower right).

Macroscopic

The macroscopic appearance of an area of coagulative necrosis is a pale segment of tissue contrasting against surrounding well vascularized tissue and is dry on cut surface. The tissue may later turn red due to inflammatory response. The surrounding surviving cells can aid in regeneration of the affected tissue unless they are stable or permanent.

Microscopic

Microscopically, coagulative necrosis causes cells to appear to have the same outline, but no nuclei.

cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia on H&E stain.(Protein denaturation results in exposure of hydrophobic regions normally sequestered within the three-dimensional center of the molecules and may explain why necrotic cells display an increased capacity to bind the hydrophobic Eosin pigment)[4] Also, it is characteristic of coagulative necrosis to not have a zone in between necrotic cells and viable cells. There is an instant transition, lacking granulation tissue in between.[5]

Treatments

Coagulative necrosis can be induced for treatments of cancers.

high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) also induces coagulative necrosis in target tumors.[3]
Both of these treatments use coagulative necrosis in treatment of cancer.

Regeneration

As the majority of the structural remnants of the necrotic tissue remains,

scarring
in areas where viable cells do not replicate and replace tissue.

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-4377-2015-0
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 28613685. Retrieved 2020-11-09. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  3. ^
    PMID 14676799
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-8385-1382-8
    .
  5. PMID 25202341
    .
  6. PMID 12409660
    .
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