Columnea consanguinea

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Columnea consanguinea
The leaves of Columnea consanguinea have characteristic red heart-shaped markings on their lower surfaces
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Gesneriaceae
Genus: Columnea
Species:
C. consanguinea
Binomial name
Columnea consanguinea
Hanst.
Synonyms[1]
  • Columnea darienensis
    C.V. Morton
  • Dalbergaria consanguinea
    (Hanst.) Wiehler
  • Dalbergaria darienensis
    (C.V. Morton) Wiehler

Columnea consanguinea is a

Heliodoxa jacula - to their more inconspicuous flowers
.

The species was first described by Johannes von Hanstein in 1865. It is classified under the family Gesneriaceae.

Description

Columnea consanguinea is a shrub-like herb with unbranched pale brown and hairy stems that grow to a maximum length of around 1 to 1.2 m (3.3 to 3.9 ft) long. Their leaves are borne on stalks around 1 cm (0.39 in) in length, and arranged in an opposite pattern along the stems. However, one leaf in each pair is a great deal smaller than the other leaf, giving the impression that the leaves are arranged alternately.[2]

The larger leaf blades are lanceolate with unequal sides. They are about 12 to 16 centimetres (4.7 to 6.3 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide. They are smooth on the upper surface and slightly hairy on the lower surface. They are predominantly dark green in color but bear characteristic translucent bright red heart-shaped markings on the underside of their leaves. The markings are visible on the upper surface as yellow-green areas. The smaller leaves in the pairs are only 1 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) in length, and about 0.8 cm (0.31 in) in width. They are located flush to the stems and look like small sheaths.[2][3]

The small tubular flowers arise from the stem near the bases of the leaves. They are about 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 0.8 cm (0.31 in) wide. The petals are pale yellow in color while the

calyx can be green to red. They bloom all throughout the year and develop into small numerous yellow fruits.[2]

Columnea consanguinea closely resemble Columnea florida. The latter also has red heart-shaped markings on their leaves but can be distinguished by the teeth-like (pectinate) edges of their flower calyces.[3]

Heliodoxa jacula) is the main pollinator
of Columnea consanguinea

Ecology

Columnea consanguinea have relatively small and drab flowers. In order to attract their main

stained-glass windows.[6] Hummingbirds, like all birds, possess excellent color vision greater than that of humans. They are attracted to the red color of the markings and can then find their way to the flowers to feed. In doing so, they pollinate the flowers of C. consanguinea.[7]

The same strategy is used by C. florida, which also have red markings on their leaves.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Columnea consanguinea grow in tropical

epiphytic).[2] They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.[9][10]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Columnea consanguinea was first described by the German botanist

type specimens were from the Philippines,[11] they were actually collected by the German botanist Hermann Wendland on March 24, 1857 from Costa Rica.[12]

The generic name

specific epithet, but consanguinea is Latin for "with blood".[14]

It is classified under the genus Columnea in the tribe Episcieae, subfamily Gesnerioideae, of the family Gesneriaceae.[9] The German botanist Hans Wiehler reclassified it under a separate genus as Dalbergaria consanguinea in 1973. Wiehler's classification, however, has not gained acceptance among other specialists. Most notably, the American botanist Laurence Skog of the Smithsonian Institution prefers to treat them as belonging to the genus Columnea.[15][16]

Three varieties are currently recognized:[9][10]

- Found in Costa Rica and Panama
  • Columnea consanguinea var. consanguinea Hanst.
(=) Dalbergaria consanguinea (Hanst.) Wiehler
- Found in
Valle del Cauca of Colombia, Esmeraldas
in Ecuador, and Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama.
  • Columnea consanguinea var. darienensis (C.V. Morton) B.D. Morley
(=) Columnea darienensis C.V. Morton
(=) Dalbergaria darienensis (C.V. Morton) Wiehler
- Found in the Darién Gap region in the border between Colombia and Panama

References

  1. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.13920.[permanent dead link
    ]
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-518824-0
    .
  3. ^ a b Conrad Vernon Morton (1938). "Gesneriaceae". In Paul C. Standley (ed.). Flora of Costa Rica. Botanical Series, Volume XVIII, Part IV. Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 1160–1170.
  4. ISBN 978-0-549-96589-3
    .
  5. ^ Anton Weber; Laurence E. Skog (January 5, 2007). "Columnea s. lat". The Genera of Gesneriaceae. Basic information with illustration of selected species. Ed. 2. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  6. ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea consanguinea". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  7. ^ Presenter: David Attenborough (January 25, 1995). "Flowering". The Private Life of Plants. 7:47 minutes in. BBC. BBC One.
  8. ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea florida". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Laurence Skog (April 20, 2009). "Columnea consanguinea Hanst". Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  10. ^ a b L.E. Skog; J.K. Boggan (2007). "World Checklist of Gesneriaceae". Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  11. ^ Johannes von Hanstein (1865). "Die Gesneraceen des K. Herbariums und der Gärten zu Berlin, nebst monographischer Uehersicht der Familie im Ganzen". Linnaea (in German and Latin). 34 (3): 383–384.
  12. ^ "Type of Columnea consanguinea Hanst". JSTOR Plant Science. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  13. Laurence E. Skog (July 13, 2007). "Columnea s.str. (sensu Wiehler 1983)"
    . The Genera of Gesneriaceae. Basic information with illustration of selected species. Ed. 2. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  14. ^ "consanguineous". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  15. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.13920.[permanent dead link
    ]
  16. ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
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