Commission for the Determination of Place Names
The Commission for the Determination of Place Names (
Background
Territory and population
According to the decisions of the
According to the 1939 German census, the territories were inhabited by 8,855,000 people, including a Polish minority in the territories' easternmost parts.
While the Germans were interned and expelled, close to 5 million settlers[6][7] were either attracted or forced to settle the areas between 1945 and 1950. An additional 1,104,000 people had declared Polish nationality and were allowed to stay (851,000 of those in Upper Silesia), bringing up the number of Poles to 5,894,600 as of 1950.[3] The Polish government aimed to retain as many "autochthons" as possible for propaganda purposes, as their presence on former German soil was used to indicate the intrinsic "Polishness" of the area and justify its incorporation into the Polish state as "recovered" territories.[4]
The Polish authorities often referred to the medieval Polish state to emphasize the validity of the Polish historical claim to these lands and began to call the area the Recovered Territories.[1] The arriving Polish administration and settlers faced the problem of a consistent and unambiguous usage of toponyms.[1]
Former toponyms
When the area was settled by Germans during the medieval
Beginning with the 19th-century
Early Renaming in 1945
Initially there were several ways of naming like continuing to use the German names, pronouncing and spelling the German names in a more Polish way (Zechow→
Spared from the
In many cases a single place had three or even four names and even administrative districts (Voivodships) like the area of the former Free City of Danzig had four different names: morskie, kaszubskie, gdańskie and wiślane.[1]
Sometimes even different administrative branches like the municipal office, the local office and the railway administration used different names, e.g. modern
1945 conference
In early April 1945, the Regional Bureau of the National Railway Administration in
Again on the initiative of the Regional Railway Administration in Poznań, the first
The Conference achieved a general consensus for a systematic method of considering place names:
- To be used as a principal source was Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and of Other Slavic Countries), which had been published in the late nineteenth century.
- If a name had several forms in medieval sources, the one that was nearest to the contemporary written Polish should be adopted.
- Translation of German names into Polish should be avoided.
- With ancient names, the first two declension cases and the adjectival form should be provided in the interest of correct usage.
- In cases when there were only German names, Slavic names in the neighboring area could be adopted. If there were no nearby Slavic names, the name of the new settlers' former native area could be adopted, with a slight modification.[1]
The Commission
Pursuant to this, in January 1946 a Commission for the Determination of Place Names (Komisja Ustalania Nazw Miejscowości) was founded as a commission of the Department of Public Administration.[15] It comprised a chair and 6 commission members, including three scholars and three officials of the Departments of Transportation, Posts and Defense.[1] The first chairman was the geographer and former director of the
The Commission coordinated the work of local institutions such as the Western Institute in Poznań, the Silesian Institute in Katowice, and the Baltic Institute in Gdańsk. Three regional subcommissions were founded, each responsible for a given area:
- Kraków Commission I: responsible for Silesia;
- Kraków Commission II: responsible for the former East Prussia and Free City of Danzig; and the
- Poznań Commission: responsible for the former Farther Pomerania and Neumark.
The subcommissions prepared recommendations for the commission, which ultimately endorsed up to 98 per cent of their proposals, which were often based on prewar publications of the Western Institute, such as Stanisław Kozierowski's Atlas nazw geograficznych Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej (Atlas of Geographical Names of Western Slavdom).[1]
Following approval by the commission, a place name had to be accepted by the Departments of Public Administration and of the Recovered Territories, and finally was published in the Monitor Polski (Polish Monitor).[15]
The commission's first conference took place on 2–4 March 1946. It decided the names of
The second conference, on 1–3 June 1946, dealt with towns with populations between 1,000 and 5,000; and the third, on 26 September 8 October 1946 decided the names of villages with a population between 500 and 1,000. By the end of 1946, the commission had adopted about 4,400 place names; and by June 1947, nearly all names of stations and settlements with a population of over 500. By the end of 1950, a total of 32,138 place names had been determined by the commission.[1]
After the commission's chairman, Stanisław Srokowski, died in 1950, the village of Drengfurt, which had initially been renamed "Dryfort", was changed to "Srokowo".[17]
At present
Currently there are two commissions in Poland, tasked with standardization of
See also
- Territorial changes of Poland
- List of towns in Farther Pomerania
- Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige
- Former toponyms in Greece
Notes
- ^ ISBN 978-4-938637-43-9..
- ^ a b c d Choroś, Monika; Jarczak, Łucja. "Relacje polsko niemieckie w nazwach miejscowych" (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Naukowy Instytut Śląski. Archived from the original (ppt) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0-7656-0665-8.
- ^ a b Kamusella, Tomasz (January 2004). "The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe". In Prauser; Reeds (eds.). EUI HEC (PDF). p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Roszkowski, Wojciech. Historia Polski 1918-1997. p. 157.
- ISBN 0-415-23885-4. -- 4.55 million in the first years
- ISBN 0-7656-0665-8. -- 4,79 million as of 1950
- ISBN 978-3-8305-0378-1. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ISBN 3-11-007895-3.
- ISBN 978-83-923991-6-2.
- ISBN 83-02-05500-X.
- ^ Białecki, Tadeusz. Pierwszy Zjazd onomastyczny w Szczecinie [The First Onomastic Conference at Szczecin] (in Polish).[page needed]
- ^ Miodek, Jan. "Stanisław Rospond". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012.
- ISBN 3-525-35790-7.
- ^ ISBN 3-570-55017-6.
- ^ Wagińska-Marzec, Maria (1997). "Ustalenie nazw miejscowości na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych" [The Confirmation of Place Names in the Western and Northern Territories)]. In Mazur, Zbigniew (ed.). Wokół niemieckiego dziedzictwa kulturowego na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych [Around German Cultural Heritages in the Western and Northern territories] (in Polish). Poznań.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[page needed] - ^ "mazury.info" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Nowakowski, Adam. "Komisja Nazw Miejscowości I Obiektów Fizjograficznych – Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych I Administracji – Portal Gov.pl". Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, 14 Dec. 2018, https://www.gov.pl/web/mswia/komisja-nazw-miejscowosci-i-obiektow-fizjograficznych.
- ^ "Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych Poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (KSNG) – Główny Urząd Geodezji I Kartografii – Portal Gov.pl". Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii, https://www.gov.pl/web/gugik/ksng.
External links
- Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and of Other Slavic Countries), in Polish.