Cross Bronx Expressway

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Cross Bronx Expressway

Throggs Neck
East end I-295 in Throggs Neck
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
Highway system

The Cross Bronx Expressway is a major

Throgs Neck Expressway near the Throgs Neck Bridge
. Though the road goes primarily northwest-to-southeast, the nominal directions of all route numbers west of the Bruckner Interchange are aligned with the northbound route number going southeast, and the southbound route number going northwest.

The Cross Bronx Expressway was conceived by

elevated train lines[b] while the expressway was laboriously pushed through. The highway experiences severe traffic problems, and its construction has been blamed for negatively affecting a number of low-income neighborhoods in the South Bronx. Most Bronxites consider the Cross Bronx Expressway the defining border between the North and the South Bronx.[4]

Route description

A time-lapse video of a westbound trip on the Cross Bronx Expressway and adjacent highways

The Cross Bronx Expressway begins at the eastern end of the

Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) for Yankee Stadium and points upstate. The highway soon intersects with Webster Avenue at a partial interchange allowing eastbound vehicles to exit and westbound ones to enter. Northbound US 1 leaves the Cross Bronx Expressway at this exit. About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later, the expressway has a pair of closely spaced interchanges for NY 895 (Sheridan Boulevard) and the Bronx River Parkway. The exit for Sheridan Boulevard is an incomplete interchange and allows access from northbound and to southbound I-95 only.[3]

The Cross Bronx Expressway reaches the

Throgs Neck Expressway, where traffic from I-695
merges on before the expressway ends at the northern approach to the Throgs Neck Bridge.

History

Planning

Eastward from Westchester Avenue

The 1929 Report on Highway Traffic Conditions and Proposed Traffic Relief Measures for the City of New York was the first citywide traffic study, classifying a number of projects that had been proposed by local interests. A "Cross-Bronx Route" along 161st and 163rd Streets was one of two proposed facilities, along with the "Nassau Boulevard" (which became the

freeway standards, it would be 60 feet (18 m) wide with grade separations "where considered necessary and desirable." The George Washington Bridge, then under construction, was cited among reasons to build the highway which would help connect New Jersey to Long Island via the bridges and ferry.[7]

In 1936, the

Bronx and Pelham Parkway, which lay to the north, no cross-Bronx highway had been built up to this point.[9] The report stated that the "Bronx Crosstown Highway", which would now connect on the east end to the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge (which had replaced the Clason Point Ferry), was "an essential part of a desirable highway pattern", taking traffic from the George Washington Bridge to Long Island and New England. The cost was estimated at $17 million, higher than most improvements because of the "topographical conditions, high land values, and heavily built-up areas".[10]

Construction

The Expressway traverses beneath Walton Avenue and Grand Concourse.

In the 1940s, city planner

New England Thruway at the Bruckner Interchange.[16]

The New York City Board of Estimate approved a contract in February 1946, allowing the Tenant Relocation Bureau to relocate 540 families who lived on the expressway's right-of-way.[17] The New York City Council adopted a resolution the next month, asking the Board of Estimate to delay the relocations,[18] which were scheduled to start that June.[19] City officials said that only 55 families would be relocated in 1946 and that all existing residents would be relocated before construction started.[20][21] By late 1947, the city and state governments were relocating residents in the expressway's path.[22] The city and state started soliciting bids for construction contracts that December.[22][23] Although the city and state planned to demolish 164 structures on the expressway's right-of-way, they were reluctant to raze all of the structures immediately because of a housing shortage in New York City.[24] The city government was able to obtain this land through the eminent domain process.[25]

Construction of the expressway began in 1948.

open cut was excavated, accommodating six 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) traffic lanes and four 10-foot-wide (3.0 m) cobblestone shoulders. This project proved to be one of the most difficult expressway projects at the time; construction required blasting through ridges, crossing valleys and redirecting small rivers. In doing so, minimal disruption to the apartment buildings that topped the ridges in the area of Grand Concourse was a priority.[28] Moreover, the expressway had to cross 113 streets, seven expressways and parkways (some of which were under construction), as well as numerous subway and train lines.[28][29] The highway also passed by hundreds of utility, water and sewer lines, none of which could be interrupted.[28][30] The highway was to contain 54 bridges and three tunnels when it was completed.[30] By early 1949, the project's budget had increased to $53 million,[31] in part because of material shortages.[24][31]

Eastern section

By early 1949, the first section of the expressway, between Olmstead Avenue and Westchester Creek, was not planned to be completed until 1951.[32] The Gull Construction Company was contracted to build this segment in May 1949,[33] and Rusciano & Sons was hired the same month to build the footings for six bridges along the expressway.[34] In addition, Frederick H. Zurmuhlen was supervising the construction of a bridge over Westchester Creek at a cost of $5,287,000;[35] the ten-lane bridge was to supplement a surface-level span.[36] Engineering firms Andrews & Clark and Hardesty & Hanover were hired to supervise the project later in 1949.[37] A short segment near Bruckner Boulevard opened in 1950 and was the first part of the expressway to be completed.[38]

The state government hired the J. Kaufman Demolition Company in 1951 to raze structures on the right-of-way east of the Bronx River Parkway.

Major Deegan expressways. The first portion of the Cross Bronx Expressway had cost $34.6 million and was about 2 miles (3.2 km) long.[40][1] The segment was six lanes wide;[41] its original western end was at Rosedale Avenue, where ramps connected to the northbound Bronx River Parkway.[42] A one-mile (1.5 km) western extension from the Bronx River Parkway to a temporary interchange at Longfellow Avenue, near Boston Road, opened on April 23, 1956.[43]

When the Throgs Neck Bridge to Queens opened on January 11, 1961,[44][45] the Cross Bronx was extended east as one of the bridge's two northern approaches, the other being the Throgs Neck Expressway (later I-695). Both extensions were part of the Interstate Highway System.[46] The Cross Bronx Expressway Extension and the Clearview Expressway were originally designated as part of I-78,[47][48][49] which was to continue through Queens, Brooklyn, and Manhattan to the Holland Tunnel.[50][51][52] Ultimately, most of I-78 was canceled in 1971.[53][54][48] In anticipation of this change, the Cross Bronx Expressway Extension and the Clearview Expressway were renumbered I-295 on January 1, 1970.[55]

Central section

The section of the Cross Bronx Expressway between Anthony and Longfellow Avenues was highly controversial.[56] In early 1953, Bronx borough president James J. Lyons proposed relocating the Cross Bronx Expressway near Crotona Park in order to preserve 1,000 houses in the expressway's right-of-way. Under Lyons's plan, the highway would curve slightly southward and run along the northern edge of Crotona Park, creating a "kink" in the routing.[57][58] Moses, who called Lyons's proposal "unreasonable", threatened to resign from his position as city construction coordinator if Lyons's alternative was approved.[59][60] Moses also threatened to cancel federal funding for the entire project.[61] After an acrimonious public hearing in April 1953, the Board of Estimate could not agree on whether to relocate the expressway along Crotona Park.[62] State officials supported Moses's original plan, saying that the Crotona Park alternative would create "curves and reverse curves of sub-standard radius".[56] Ultimately, the Board of Estimate approved Moses's original alignment that May.[63][64]

By 1954, the project's cost had increased to $86 million, but land for the western section of the expressway had not even been purchased, leading The New York Times to describe the existing sections as a "road to nowhere".[38] Although the Cross Bronx Expressway had been one of the first highways planned in New York City, it was estimated that the expressway would be the last project to be completed.[65] In November 1954, the Board of Estimate voted unanimously to buy land for the section between Anthony and Longfellow Avenues, despite continued opposition from Bronx residents. At the time, officials estimated that the central section of the expressway would cost $21 million.[66][67] Of this cost, $8 million would be spent on acquiring the land and relocating 1,462 families.[67] By 1956, the Times reported that the center section was not expected to be completed for several years because of the expense of relocating tenants.[68]

Construction of the section between exits 3 and 2B began in early 1958, at which point the project's total cost had increased to $101 million. The most expensive part of the project was the 0.6-mile (0.97 km) segment between exits 2B and 2A in Tremont, Bronx, which was planned to cost $11.788 million; it included a 300-foot-long (91 m) tunnel under the Grand Concourse and the underground Concourse Line, as well as an open cut that passed under five avenues.[69] On April 27, 1960, another 1.2-mile (2 km) piece opened, taking the road west to Webster Avenue.[70][71] Later that year, the westernmost 0.4 miles (0.64 km) of the expressway was closed to allow the completion of the Tremont section.[72] The 0.6-mile (1 km) Tremont segment from Webster Avenue west to Jerome Avenue opened on February 10, 1961.[73][74] By that time, all construction contracts for the remaining sections of the expressway had been awarded.[74]

Western section

Deegan interchange

The 181st Street Bridge, and the ramps from the bridge to the existing 178th Street Tunnel and a new 179th Street Tunnel in Manhattan, were originally part of the Cross Bronx Expressway.[15] In 1949, workers began widening the 181st Street Bridge, constructing the ramps, and excavating the 179th Street Tunnel.[75][76] The widening was finished by 1950,[77][78] and the tunnel and interchange opened on May 5, 1952.[79][80] Originally, there had not been any plans to construct an interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway, at the highway's western end, because of the area's steep topography and limited space.[81] In December 1952, the city and state reached an agreement to finance the construction of an interchange at that site.[81][82]

Plans for the western end of the expressway were modified substantially

Trans-Manhattan Expressway and Alexander Hamilton Bridge were to be constructed, connecting the George Washington Bridge and the Cross Bronx Expressway.[85][86] The revised plans were announced in 1958. At the time, the Alexander Hamilton Bridge was planned to be completed in 1962, but the interchange with the Major Deegan would not open until two years after that.[83] With the opening of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge in April 1963, the $128 million Cross Bronx was completed, but two major interchanges were still incomplete: the Highbridge Interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87), and the Bruckner Interchange with the Bruckner Expressway (I-95/I-278), the Hutchinson River Parkway, and the Hutchinson River Expressway (I-678).[87]

Later modifications

The $12.6 million Highbridge Interchange opened in November 1964.

traffic circle, opened on January 2, 1972.[90][91] (Cross Bronx traffic passing through to the Throgs Neck Bridge had been able to avoid the circle, but drivers taking the Bruckner in either direction, including those bound for New England, had to exit onto the surface.)[92]

Effects

Urban decay

Congestion

The Cross Bronx Expressway is blamed for worsening the decay of neighborhoods in the South Bronx, such as Tremont. In Robert Caro's The Power Broker, the author argues that Moses intentionally directed the expressway through this neighborhood, even though there was a more viable option only one block south.[93] The expressway's construction displaced many residents, who generally were not relocated to adequate housing.[94] The New York Times reported in 2022 that the areas near the Cross Bronx Expressway were among New York City's poorest neighborhoods; these areas contained 220,000 residents, most of which were ethnic minorities.[95]

Many of the neighborhoods it runs through have been continually poor since its construction, partly due to the lowered property value caused by the expressway.

Scarborough Expressway in Toronto. Architect Ronald Shiffman argues that the Cross Bronx Expressway "ripped through the heart of the Bronx, creating what was a wall between what eventually was known as the Northern and Southern part of the Bronx."[97]

Health issues

The Cross Bronx Expressway accounts for a large proportion of the Bronx's roadway pollution.[98][99] Bronx residents are more likely to have asthma than residents of other boroughs, and a large portion of those are children. Because things like dust, pollution, and other allergens serve as factors for developing asthma, children of color living in low-income areas in the Bronx are at risk of suffering from asthma exacerbation. Asthma rates in the Bronx are three times higher than the national average.[98] In the Morris Heights neighborhood of the West Bronx, where the Cross Bronx and Major Deegan Expressways intersect, air-pollution rates are also generally higher than in the rest of the borough.[99] To decrease emissions from the Cross Bronx Expressway, community activists proposed constructing a freeway lid in the early 2020s.[100][101]

Congestion

The expressway is one of the main routes for shipping and transportation through New York City due to its connections with

Major Deegan Expressway to get around this stretch of I-95. Proposals have been made to make dedicated truck lanes, add express bus service, and build decking on the open trenches to allow for parks, although to no avail.[103]

In both 2008 and 2007,

Inrix cited the Cross Bronx Expressway's westbound exit 4B (Bronx River Parkway) as being the worst intersection in the United States. In 2008, the expressway's exits included three out of the top four on the list, and four of the top five in 2007.[29][104] Congestion is often exacerbated by the fact that large portions of the Cross Bronx Expressway does not meet modern Interstate standards,[105] as well as the relative lack of arterial roads between the West Bronx and East Bronx.[106] Large portions of the expressway do not have shoulders, so even minor breakdowns could cause congestion.[105][106] A 2002 study by the New York State Department of Transportation found that the expressway also had short entrance and exit ramps, poor sightlines, and dim lighting.[102][106] Other issues were caused by the fact that the expressway's service roads were discontinuous, forcing traffic onto the expressway or local streets.[106]

In 2022, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority released an environmental impact statement, which detailed the possible impacts of a planned congestion pricing zone in New York City. The study found that, if the zone were implemented, up to 700 additional trucks per day would use the Cross Bronx Expressway to avoid the congestion pricing zone.[95][107]

Exit list

Two separate

exit numbering
systems are used on the Cross Bronx Expressway. West of the Bruckner Interchange, the expressway uses I-95's mileage-based exit numbers, which increase from west to east. East of the Bruckner Interchange, the expressway uses I-295's sequential exit numbers, which increase from east to west. The entire route is in the
borough of the Bronx
. 

Locationmi[2][3][108]kmExitDestinationsNotes
Newark, NJ
Continuation into Manhattan
Alexander Hamilton Bridge
Morris Heights0.10–
0.60		0.16–
0.97		1BTo Amsterdam AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; access via Washington Bridge
1C-D
Queens, Yankee Stadium
Signed as exits 1C (north) and 1D (south); exits 7N-S on I-87
0.801.292AJerome Avenue
Tunnel under
Jennie Jerome
Playground
Tremont1.282.062B
 US 1 north (Webster Avenue)		Northern terminus of US 1 concurrency; northbound exit and southbound entrance
1.862.993
Third Avenue
Southbound exit and northbound entrance
West Farms2.053.30Tunnel under East 176th Street
2.644.254A
RFK Bridge
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; former I-895
Soundview3.004.834B
 Bronx River Parkway north / Rosedale Avenue		Exit 4 on Bronx River Parkway
Parkchester3.70–
4.30		5.95–
6.92		5AWhite Plains Road / Westchester Avenue
3.70–
3.80		5.95–
6.12		Tunnel under Hugh J. Grant Circle
Castle Hill4.006.445BCastle Hill AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
Whitestone Bridge, Queens
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 19S on I-678
4.707.566B
New Haven, CT

 I-295
begins		Eastern end of I-95 concurrency; northern terminus of I-295; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
5.10–
5.30		8.21–
8.53		12
I-278 west (Bruckner Expressway) – Manhattan
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; exit 54 on I-278
5.50–
6.00		8.85–
9.66		11Randall Avenue
6.6010.6210
New Haven, CT
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; south end of I-695
6.8010.949Harding Avenue / Pennyfield Avenue
East RiverThrogs Neck Bridge (toll)
–
 I-295 south – Long Island		Continuation into Queens
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Notes

  1. ^ The IND Concourse Line
  2. Boston Road; the IRT Third Avenue Line at Third Avenue; and the IRT Jerome Avenue Line at Jerome Avenue

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External links

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