Debut (Björk album)
Debut | ||||
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Studio album by | ||||
Released | 5 July 1993 | |||
Recorded | 1991–Early 1993 | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 48:26 | |||
Label | ||||
Producer |
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Björk chronology | ||||
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Singles from Debut | ||||
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Debut is the international debut studio album by Icelandic recording artist
.Debut received critical acclaim from British music critics, though American reviews were mixed. It exceeded sales expectations, charting at number two in Iceland, three in the United Kingdom, and 61 in the US. It was
Five singles were released from Debut: "Human Behaviour", "Venus as a Boy", "Play Dead", "Big Time Sensuality" and "Violently Happy". All charted in the UK, with only "Human Behaviour", "Violently Happy" and "Big Time Sensuality" charting on dance and modern rock charts in the US.
Background and production
While performing as the vocalist of Icelandic
Björk had already written half the songs for Debut, but had nothing recorded.[11] She had written many of them years before moving to London, including "Human Behaviour", which she wrote as a teenager when she was in the Sugarcubes.[12][13] She had put aside the songs as "I was in punk bands and [the songs] weren't punk".[12] With no producer, she composed songs with 808 State member Graham Massey in a friend's home in Manchester, where she also wrote songs included on later albums, including "Army of Me" and "The Modern Things".[11]
"I remember going to Manchester, and 808 State taking me around, and me just seeing things that I'd never seen – that I'd hoped existed. So I would be up until early morning... sometimes from just the enthusiasm for the music."
— Björk recalling her fascination with dance music after going to England.[14]
While creating electronic tracks with Massey, Björk developed a desire to work with a
Björk intended to have several producers work on the album.[12] She planned to have the album produced with Fox until she was introduced to producer Nellee Hooper by her boyfriend Dominic Thrupp.[18] Hooper had produced albums by Soul II Soul and Sinéad O'Connor which made Björk skeptical about working with him, stating: "I thought Nellee was too 'good taste' for my liking. But then I met him, got to know him, [and] got to hear about his fabulous ideas."[18][19] Björk and Hooper's recording ideas were similar, which led to her decision to end production with Massey and Fox.[18] Hooper introduced Björk to studio technology and studio programmer Marius de Vries, who gave Debut a modern style with keyboards and synthesizers.[20] He produced the first ten tracks on the album, while Björk co-produced "Like Someone in Love" with Hooper and produced "The Anchor Song" alone.[21] Björk and Hooper spent many sessions in the studio working on Debut until the album was finished in early 1993.[22]
Composition
Debut draws on an eclectic variety of sources.
Debut incorporates
Björk felt house music was "the only
Hooper had been a member of Bristol's "Wild Bunch", a group that took from acid jazz, funk and hip hop and helped create trip-hop.[38][39] The less dance-oriented electronic Debut tracks have a more trip-hop style sound[23][40] and a "more delicate atmosphere".[23] i-D noted that Debut—and Björk's subsequent album Post—integrate ambient techno and jungle, stating that they "couldn't have existed without Aphex Twin, Black Dog, A Guy Called Gerald, LFO and all the other producers who reshaped the language of music since 1988."[31] Also present are elements of jazz, with WUOG stating that "while many see Debut as Björk's clubbiest album, it may also be her jazziest."[41] Brad Shoup of Stereogum wrote that "though her electronic bent gets the most attention, it's her interest in jazz that courses through the set."[42] Tim Perlich of Now felt Debut "bridges jazz and pop",[43] and Simon Reynolds characterized it as "jazzy love songs tinged with an oceanic feeling."[28]
Songs
The lyrics of Debut contain themes of love.[28] They range from "flesh-and-blood passion" for another person to the love of life itself.[28] According to i-D, with a couple of exceptions, the songs of Debut fell into two types: "those where Björk addressed the listener as someone in pain and told them fireworks would light their nights and all would be well;" and "songs where she sang about her own pain."[31] The Face stated that the album's lyrics "[consolidated] her love affair with language,"[29] while The Sunday Times felt that Björk "rigorously [avoided] the obvious" by using lyrics that do not rhyme.[44]
The first track "Human Behaviour" features a "bouncing
"Like Someone in Love" is followed by the techno-tinged "Big Time Sensuality" in an "intentionally startling" leap.
Release
When Björk announced the release of her international debut in 1992, she called it with the title Björk's Affairs. However, it was later changed to Debut since it marked Björk's first album of self-composed material.
In 1994, Björk was sued by Simon Fisher, a musician she collaborated with in 1990. Fisher's claim stated that he had co-written "Human Behaviour", "Venus as a Boy", "Crying", and "Aeroplane" and sought damages of over £200,000.
Singles
In 1993 Björk contacted French director
Critical reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
AllMusic | [23] |
Calgary Herald | B+[72] |
Entertainment Weekly | C[73] |
Los Angeles Times | [74] |
Music Week | [75] |
NME | 9/10[76] |
The Philadelphia Inquirer | [77] |
Q | [78] |
Rolling Stone | [79] |
The Rolling Stone Album Guide | [80] |
Select | 4/5[81] |
Spin Alternative Record Guide | 9/10[82] |
At the
Critical reaction to Debut was generally positive. The British music press spoke positively about the album, with Q giving it four out of five stars calling it "a surprising, playful collection" while the NME wrote that Debut was "an album that believes music can be magical and special."[76][78] The Independent gave Debut a favorable review noting that Björk had "fashioned an amazing array of contrasting arrangements, whose musical diversity never interferes with their clarity of vision."[86] American reception was more mixed. Musician magazine praised the vocals of the album, stating "what makes [Björk's] singing memorable isn't the odd assortment of growls, moans and chirps she relies upon, but the emotions those sounds convey."[87] The New York Times described Debut as "an enchanting album".[28] A negative review came from Rolling Stone, who gave the album two stars out of five, labelling the album "utterly disappointing" and blaming producer Nellee Hooper, suggesting he "sabotaged a ferociously iconoclastic talent with a phalanx of cheap electronic gimmickry."[79] Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C, saying, "On a few songs, [Björk's] breathy mewl is a pleasant contrast to the mechanical drone of Sugarcube-like techno-tunes. But most of Debut sounds annoyingly like the monotonous plinking of a deranged music box. Wind it up if you like – eventually it will stop."[73] Debut rated highly in British end of year polls. The NME ranked Debut at number one on their list of "Top 50 LPs of 1993".[88] Melody Maker placed the album at number six on their list of "Albums of the Year for 1993" calling it "a fantastic debut".[89] In 1994, Q included the album on their list for top fifty albums of 1993.[90] In 2000 it was voted number 77 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.[91] Björk reacted to the positive reviews hesitantly, stating that if she'd "delivered exactly the same album and I came from Nottingham, I'd have got completely different reviews, normal down-to-earth ones" and that Debut "was a bit of a rehearsal and it's really not that good. I can do much better."[92]
Later reception was also positive. In Spin magazine's alternative record guide, the album received a rating of nine out of ten stating that the choice of Nellee Hooper as producer was a "stroke of genius" and Björk's vocals were "awe-inspiring".[82] Heather Phares of AllMusic gave the album a five-star rating, stating that Debut is "Possibly her prettiest work, Björk's horizons expanded on her other releases, but the album still sounds fresh, which is even more impressive considering electronic music's whiplash-speed innovations."[23]
Legacy
"If the point of a debut album is to set out an artist's stall and to lay the foundations for what's to come then Debut does this better than any album in recent memory. It's an album whose influence is still felt any time electronic instrumentation is fused with folk or jazz, or whenever a new female singer is described as "kooky" or "refreshing"."
— Michael Cragg, The Guardian, 2013.[25]
Debut is widely regarded as one of the greatest albums of 1993 and the 1990s in general.[
In 2013, Michael Cragg of The Guardian wrote that "two decades after its release, the Icelandic artist's first album has never sounded more relevant."[25] He argued that Debut "reconstructed pop music", also writing that "while pop in 2013 looks back to the early 90s for inspiration, Björk's ability on Debut to innovate by using disparate genres without losing a sense of her own identity should be the blueprint for any new artist with desires to break the mould."[25] In the album's entry in their list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" —where the album was included at number 46—, NME claimed that "Debut achieved the remarkable feat of turning an idiosyncratic vocalist from a feted cult band into a significant global pop star, without losing one iota of the experimental mindset and creative cool that made her so special."[94] In 2005, Björk stated that she thought the album was not as strong as her later works: "It's hard to judge yourself but I don't think [Debut and Post are] my best. Debut was the album that went the highest up there in terms of what is 'Bjork music'. But I think that the persona I created, which was entirely accidental, is better captured on the later albums."[95]
Accolades
Publication | Accolade | Year | Rank | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alternative Press
|
The 90 Greatest Albums of the 90s[citation needed] | 1998 | 31 | |||
Out | The 100 Greatest, Gayest Albums[citation needed] | 2008 | 63 | |||
Slant Magazine | The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s (2011)[citation needed] | 2011 | 29 | |||
Spin | The 125 Best Albums of the Past 25 Years[citation needed] | 2010 | 33 | |||
The Face | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 1 | |||
Melody Maker | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 6 | |||
Mixmag | The 100 Best Dance Albums of All Time[citation needed] | 1996 | 3 | |||
Muzik | Top 50 Dance Albums of All Time[citation needed] | 2002 | 32 | |||
NME | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 1 | |||
NME Rock Years, Albums of the Year 1963–99[citation needed] | 2000 | * | ||||
NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[citation needed] | 2013 | 46 | ||||
Q | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | * | |||
In Our Lifetime: Q's 100 Best Albums 1986–94 [citation needed] | 1995 | * | ||||
90 Albums of the 90s[citation needed] | 1999 | * | ||||
Select | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 7 | |||
The 100 Best Albums of the 90s[citation needed] | 1996 | 26 | ||||
Vox | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 6 | |||
The Wire | Records of the Year[96] | 1993 | 1 | |||
Spex | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 18 | |||
Les Inrockuptibles | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 13 | |||
The 100 Best Albums 1986–1996[citation needed] | 1996 | 19 | ||||
Rock & Folk | Albums of the Year[citation needed] | 1993 | 9 | |||
The Best Albums from 1963 to 1999[citation needed] | 1999 | * | ||||
(*) designates lists that are unordered. |
Debut was also included in books such as 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die,[97] and 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die.[citation needed]
Track listing
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | "Human Behaviour" |
| Nellee Hooper | 4:08 |
2. | "Crying" |
| Hooper | 4:49 |
3. | " Milk Bar Toilets) |
| Hooper | 3:19 |
5. | "Like Someone in Love" |
| 4:30 | |
6. | "Big Time Sensuality" |
| Hooper | 4:00 |
7. | "One Day" | Björk | Hooper | 5:26 |
8. | "Aeroplane" | Björk | Hooper | 3:50 |
9. | "Come to Me" | Björk | Hooper | 4:57 |
10. | "Violently Happy" |
| Hooper | 5:02 |
11. | "The Anchor Song" | Björk | Björk | 3:40 |
Total length: | 48:44 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
12. | "Atlantic" | Björk | Björk | 1:59 |
Total length: | 50:43 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
12. | "Play Dead" |
|
| 3:56 |
Total length: | 52:40 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
12. | "Atlantic" | Björk | Björk | 1:56 |
13. | "Play Dead" |
|
| 3:45 |
Total length: | 54:36 |
- "Human Behaviour" contains a sample from "Go Down Dying" written by Antônio Carlos Jobim.
- "Venus as a Boy" contains a sample from "Music for Shō" by Mayumi Miyata (1986).
- "One Day" contains samples from "Put Your Love (In My Tender Care)" by The Fatback Band (1975), "Always There" by Ronnie Laws (1975), and "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins(1972).
- "Aeroplane" contains a sample from "Dahil Sayo" by Arthur Lyman (1958).
- "Play Dead" contains a sample from "Footsteps in the Dark" by The Isley Brothers (1977).
- ^a signifies an additional producer
Personnel
Musicians
|
Technical personnel
|
Charts
Weekly charts
|
Year-end charts
|
Certifications and sales
‹See Tfd›‹See Tfd›Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Australia (ARIA)[128] | Platinum | 70,000^ |
Canada (Music Canada)[64] | Gold | 50,000^ |
Iceland[129] | Gold | 20,000[130] |
Japan | — | 50,000[131] |
Netherlands (NVPI)[132] | Platinum | 100,000^ |
New Zealand (RMNZ)[133] | Gold | 7,500^ |
Norway (IFPI Norway)[134] | Gold | 25,000* |
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[135] | Gold | 50,000^ |
Sweden (GLF)[136] | Platinum | 100,000^ |
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[137] | Gold | 25,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[138] | 2× Platinum | 600,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[65] | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
Summaries | ||
Worldwide | — | 4,700,000[67] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. |
Notes
- ^ Debut is officially considered to be the first solo album by both label and artist, who said "My first album didn't come out until I was 27".[2][3][4] However, technically this is the second solo album if to bear in mind her 1977 juvenilia release. Some sources consider Debut as the third, counting in her 1990 jazz output Gling-Gló.[5][6]
- ^ Referring to Tom Graves' Rolling Stone review of 1993: "Producer Nellee Hooper (Sinéad O'Connor, Soul II Soul) has sabotaged a ferociously iconoclastic talent with a phalanx of cheap electronic gimmickry."[79]
References
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Debut, her first international solo album
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- ^ Caulfield, Keith (29 January 2015). "Bjork's Rush-Released Album Debuts in Top 20 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ a b Pytlik 2003, p. 63
- ^ a b Pytlik 2003, p. 52
- ^ a b c d Guzmán, Isaac (5 March 2015). "Björk Is Your Tour Guide: An Exclusive TIME Interview for Her MOMA Retrospective". Time. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
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- ^ Pytlik 2003, p. 65
- ^ a b c Pytlik 2003, p. 66
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- ^ a b Whiteley 2000, p. 211
- ^ a b Whiteley 2005, p. 105
- ^ a b Debut (CD liner). Björk. One Little Indian. 1993. TPLP31dual.
{{cite AV media notes}}
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- ^ Pytlik 2003, p. 194
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- ^ Pytlik 2003, p. 71
- ^ Pytlik 2003, p. 73
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- ^ Phares, Heather. "(Debut (Dualdisc) > Overview )". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
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- ^ Pytlik 2003, p. 80
- ^ a b Pytlik 2003, p. 97
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- ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Bjork – Debut". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
- ^ "IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993–2011" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
- ^ "Spanish album certifications" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 30 May 2019. Select Álbumes under "Categoría", select 2004 under "Año". Select 37 under "Semana". Click on "BUSCAR LISTA".
- ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2002" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. 9 October 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011.
- ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Debut')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
- ^ "British album certifications – Björk – Debut". British Phonographic Industry. 1 May 1994. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
Bibliography
- Pytlik, Mark (2003). Björk: Wow and Flutter. ISBN 1-55022-556-1.
- Strong, M. C. (1998). The Great Rock Discography. ISBN 88-09-21522-2.
- Taylor, Steve (2006). A to X of Alternative Music. ISBN 0-8264-8217-1.
- Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig, eds. (1995). ISBN 0-679-75574-8.
- Whiteley, Sheila (2000). Women and Popular Music: Sexuality, Identity, and Subjectivity. ISBN 0-415-21190-5.
- Whiteley, Sheila (2005). Too Much Too Young: Popular music, age and Gender. ISBN 0-415-31028-8.
External links
- Debut lyrics on official website
- Debut at Discogs (list of releases)
- Debut statistics, tagging and previews at Last.FM
- Debut at Rate Your Music
- Debut mini website