Doll
Type | model figure |
---|---|
Country | various |
Availability | Ancient times–present |
Materials | various |
A doll is a
History, types and materials
Early history and traditional dolls
The earliest dolls were made from available materials such as clay, stone, wood, bone, ivory, leather, or wax. Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known toy. Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC.[2] Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.[2][3] Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, but no known examples of these have survived to the present day.[3] Stories from ancient Greece around 100 AD show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings.[2] Greeks called a doll κόρη, literally meaning "little girl", and a wax-doll was called δάγυνον, δαγύς and πλαγγών. Often dolls had movable limbs and were called νευρόσπαστα, they were worked by strings or wires.[4] In ancient Rome, dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.[2][3] At marriage the Greek girls dedicated their dolls to Artemis and the Roman girls to Venus, but if they died before marriage their dolls were buried with them.[4]
Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.[6]
There is a rich history of Japanese dolls dating back to the Dogū figures (8000–200 BCE). and Haniwa funerary figures (300–600 AD). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During Hinamatsuri, the doll festival, hina dolls (雛人形, hina-ningyō) are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent Bodhidharma, the East Indian who founded Zen, and are used as good luck charms. Wooden Kokeshi dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls.
The use of an
Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890.[15] In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.[16] Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for Nativity scene displays, chiefly in Italy.[17] Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.[18] The German and Dutch peg wooden dolls were cheap and simply made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.[19] Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.[20] Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate.[20] It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the Victorian era when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by Queen Victoria.[21]
Dolls,
Industrial era
During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of
Colloquially the terms porcelain doll, bisque doll and china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction between
Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850.[33][37] But, by the late 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.[33] By about 1920, baby dolls typically were made of composition with a cloth body. The hair, eyes, and mouth were painted. A voice box was sewn into the body that cried ma-ma when the doll was tilted, giving them the name Mama dolls. During 1923, 80% of all dolls sold to children in the United States were Mama dolls.[38][unreliable source]
Contemporary dollhouses have their roots in European baby house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, following the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made of tin litho, plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.
The earliest modern stuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlier rag dolls in that they are made of plush fur-like fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans.[40] Teddy bears first appeared in 1902–1903.[40][41]
Fashion dolls are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect fashion trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made of vinyl. Barbie, from the American toy company Mattel, dominated the market from her inception in 1959.[43] Bratz was the first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.[44]
Plastic action figures, often representing superheroes, are primarily marketed to boys.[45] Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a media franchise that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise. Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook[46] in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.
Modern era
With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditional
Also with the advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that have been customized to resemble a human baby with as much realism as possible. They are often sold online through sites such as eBay.[47][48] Asian ball-jointed dolls (BJDs) are cast in polyurethane synthetic resin in a style that has been described as both realistic and influenced by anime.[49][50][51] Asian BJDs and Asian fashion dolls such as Pullip and Blythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.[52][53]
Uses, appearances and issues
Since ancient times, dolls have played a central role in magic and religious rituals and have been used as representations of deities. Dolls have also traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value.
Dolls have traditionally been made as crude, rudimentary playthings as well as with elaborate, artful design.
Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of all sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in drawing the human figure. Many ordinary doll brands are also anatomically correct, although most types of dolls are degenitalized.[58]
In Western society, a gender difference in the selection of toys has been observed and studied.
Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects.[63][64] Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorized that uncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or not. Sigmund Freud further developed on these theories.[65] Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop the uncanny valley hypothesis: if an object is obviously enough non-human, its human characteristics will stand out and be endearing; however, if that object reaches a certain threshold of human-like appearance, its non-human characteristics will stand out, and be disturbing.[66]
Doll hospitals
A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the
Dolls and children's tales
Many books deal with dolls tales, including Wilhelmina. The Adventures of a Dutch Doll, by Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall.
References
- ^ "Textile Doll". Walters Art Museum site.
- ^ a b c d Fraser 1973, p. 7
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4549-0908-8.
- ^ a b Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Pupa
- ^ The twenty-first century BCE. British museum exhibit[permanent dead link]
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 4–7
- D. Episode 10. BBC.
- ^ "Kitchen Witches". earthlink.net. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.
- ^ "kitchen witch dolls, kitchen witches, kitchen witch". tripod.com.
- ^ "Digital collection – Corn Husk Doll". Massachusetts Department of Higher Education. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "The uses of corn in 1845". Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ Fraser 1973, p. 23
- ISBN 0-313-33908-2.
- ^ "A History of Dolls". ctdollartists.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
- ^ "Home – Russian Life". russianlife.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 13–14
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 14–18
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 18–19
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 19–22
- ^ a b Fraser 1973, p. 26
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 26–27
- ^ Baird, B. (2002). Honar-e Arousaki (The Art of the Puppet). Translated to Persian by Javad Zolfaghari. Tehran: Nowruz-e Honar.
- ^ Beyzai, Bahram (2004). Iranian theatre. Tehran: Roshangaran. p. 98
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- ^ Gorjian, F. (2010). The status of traditional handmade dolls (Layli or Bavig) in Lurish folklore Archived 17 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. anthropology.ir
- ^ Azimpour, P. (2010). Farhang-e Aroosak-ha va Namayesh-haye Aroosaki-e Aeeni va Sonati-e Iran (Iranian Ritual and Traditional Puppets and Puppet Shows Dictionary). Tehran: Namayesh. p. 554
- ^ a b Van Patten, Denise. "Introduction to Bisque and Porcelain Dolls". About.com Home. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Glossary of Doll Collecting Terms – Composition". About.com Home. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 81–83
- ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Vinyl Dolls". About.com Home. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-7090-5598-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Van Patten, Denise. "An Introduction to China Doll Collecting". About.com Home. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d "A Brief History of Antique Dolls, Part II". About.com Doll Collecting. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ Krombholz, Mary Groham, German Parian Dolls, 2006, Reverie Publishing, p. 7
- ISBN 978-0-486-22066-6. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ Fraser 1973, p. pp39
- ^ Fraser 1973, p. 45
- ^ "Mama dolls 19181940+". Doll Reference. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "Most Popular Toys of the Last 100 Years: Madame Alexander Collectible Dolls". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 December 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-674-50335-9.
- ^ "Teddy Bears". Library Of Congress. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
- ^ "JCM: The Golliwog Caricature". ferris.edu.
- ^ "Volley of the Dolls". The Wall Street Journal via Reading Eagle. 19 July 2003. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
- ^ Talbot, Margaret (5 December 2006). "Little hotties: Barbie's new rivals". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 November 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Louie, Elaine (31 May 1990) Old Soldiers Never Die, The New York Times
- ^ "h2g2 – Nodding Dogs – Edited Entry". BBC. 2 January 2012.
- ^ Walker, Rob (20 February 2005). "The Way We Live Now: Consumed: Hyperreality Hobbying". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ Montcombroux, Vieve. "Simply Irresistible: What is that elusive quality that makes reborns so hard to resist?". Doll Reader Magazine. June–July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009
- ^ Ohanesian, Liz (28 October 2008). "Elfdoll: Don't Call It A Toy Company". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
The shockingly realistic, remarkably flexible BJDs
- ^ Holton, Avery (18 July 2004). "Anime Girls". Time. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
Japanese-made Super Dollfies ... with ... exaggerated features inspired by Japanese animation
- ^ Gonzalez, Lauren (June 2008). "The Future Looks Bright for Ball-jointed Dolls". Shojo Beat. p. 332.
Super Dollfie, like Narin and Narae, have a distinct anime look, with cool glassy expressions on their faces. Although highly customizable, the dolls are offered in a range of styles that stay true to a Japanese aesthetic.
- ^ Galbraith, Patrick W (17 May 2008). "Plastic fantastic: Japan's doll industry booming". Metropolis magazine. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
...the inclusion of ball joints, which make it possible to pose the dolls for pictures, a favorite pastime among users.
- ^ "Craft – Volume 3". make-digital.com.
- ^ a b Hirschfeld, Ariel (8 June 2009) It's a Doll's Life. Haaretz
- ^ a b Carvajal, Doreen (7 January 2008) Henri Launay, French doctor to dolls. International Herlad Tribune
- ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 10, 46
- ^ Interview with Greer Lankton. geocities.com (1985)
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- ^ Alsenz, Claudia and Alsenz, Stefan (1999) Arbeitsbuch Biblische Erzählfiguren. Geschichten der Bibel kreativ gestalten. Wuppertal: Brockhaus.
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- ^ Sobieraj, S. "Taking control: Toy commercials and the social construction of patriarchy". Masculinities and violence (L. Bowker ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- ^ Mufson, Michael (2006). Coping with Anxiety and Phobias. Harvard Special Health Reports. Harvard Health Publications.
- ^ Schulman, Michael (30 October 2006). "Worst nightmares: In all five boroughs, haunted houses contain local fears". The New Yorker. Vol. 82, no. 35. p. 38.
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1919). "Das Unheimliche" (in German). Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
- ^ Pujals, Elena V. and Buffington, Nancy (12 March 2007) Secrets of The Cabbage Patch: Pediophobia and The Fear of The Inanimate. stanford.edu
- ^ a b Dolling out treatment. Theage.com.au (10 June 2005). Retrieved on 2019-01-28.
- ^ a b Khalip, Andrei and Pereira, Miguel (23 December 2009) Lisbon doll hospital treats owners' blues too. Reuters
- ^ Doll Doctor's Association. Dolldoctorsassociation.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Wilhelmina. The adventures of a dutch doll". lusenberg.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ "The adventures of the two dutch dolls and the Golliwogg". lusenberg.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Works cited
- Fraser, Antonia (1973). Dolls. Octopus books. ISBN 978-0-7064-0056-4.
External links
- The dictionary definition of doll at Wiktionary
- Dolls at the V&A Museum of Childhood
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization – The Story of Dolls in Canada