Dura, Hebron

Coordinates: 31°30′25″N 35°01′40″E / 31.50694°N 35.02778°E / 31.50694; 35.02778
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Dura
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicدورا
 • LatinDurrah (official)
Hebrew אֲדוֹרַים Adoraim[2]

Dura (

Palestinian city located eleven kilometers southwest of Hebron, in the southern West Bank, in the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 39,336 in 2017.[1]
The current mayor is Ahmad Salhoub.

In 1517, Dura was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Syria. In the late Ottoman and early Mandatory periods, Dura was the only permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Starting as a village and evolving into a town, it sprawled across large territories, becoming a center for influential families, collectively referred to as Abu-Darham.[3]

After the British Mandate, in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Dura came under Jordanian rule. Dura was established as a municipality on January 1, 1967, five months before it came under Israeli occupation after the Six-Day War. Since 1995, it has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority, as part of Area A of the West Bank and as part of the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine.

Etymology

The present-day name of Dura has been identified with ancient

Adoraim or the Adora of 1 Macc.13.20[4][5][6][7] The village was originally built on two hills: Dura al-‘Amaira and Dura al-Arjan possibly reflecting dual grammatical number of Adoraim name, which could also be a double village during antiquity.[8]

History

See also:
Adurim

Biblical connection

Dura[clarification needed] is mentioned in the Book of Chronicles (2 Chr 11:9) as one of the towns fortified by Rehoboam, king of Judah.

Archaeology

Ancient cisterns and fragments of mosaics have been found at Dura.[9]

Bronze Age

The settlement[

Anastasi Papyrus.[11]

Babylonian, Hellenistic and Roman periods

After the fall of Judah to the

Zenon Papyri in 259 BCE as a "fortress city".[14][15]

In Adora,

Idumeans), were forced to convert to Judaism during the reign of Hyrcanus, as a condition for them being allowed to remain in the country.[17]

In 63 BCE,

Idumaea, Hebron no longer being important. The city is included in the list of cities rebuilt by the Roman consul Aulus Gabinius.[15] Adoraim is one of the Jewish urban centers during that period that exhibited a degree of Hellenization.[18] It may have been the administrative center of the district of Eastern Idumaea established by Gabinius, though other possibilities have been suggested.[19][20] Later, possibly in the time of Herod, the district's capital was transferred to Engeddi.[20]

A 1st century CE mansion, inhabited till the

Bar Kokhba war (135 CE).[22]

Early Muslim period

Mukaddasi, writing around 985 CE, noted that Palestine was famous for its vineyards and a type of raisin called Dūrī, said to be from Dura.[23]

Ottoman period

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the

Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including on wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 10,000 akçe.[24]

According to a study by William F. Albright, Bedouins overran Dura in the 17th century. As a result, new families became the dominant ones, replacing its previous population.[25][26] Residents of several villages in the Ramallah Governorate such as At-Tira, Beit 'Anan, Beit Ur al-Fauqa, and Dura al-Qar', trace their ancestry to Dura.[27]

During the late Ottoman and early Mandatory periods, Dura stood as the sole permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Beginning as a village and evolving into a town, it expanded across extensive territories, becoming a battleground for influential families, collectively known as Abu-Darham, particularly the al-'Amr, Namura, Dudeen, and Hajji hamulas. These families, associated with the 'Amr and 'Arjan quarters, frequently quarreled for dominance. Some Abu-Darham families claimed non-native ancestry, having integrated into the village during the 18th century. Establishing alliances with Bedouin tribes proved advantageous. 'Abd al-Rahman al-'Amr, a prominent ruler, sought refuge among the Bedouin Tiaha tribe following his escape from a prison in Jerusalem after he revolted in the 1850s. This connection helped deter Bedouin incursions and facilitated peaceful territorial expansions for Dura.[28]

In 1834, Dura's inhabitants participated in an

uprising against the Egyptian Ibrahim Pasha
, who took over the area between 1831 and 1840. When
Ibn Omar, who had formerly ruled the area.[29]

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place, and noted that "Fragments of ancient columns, and a good number of cut stones taken from old constructions and built up in the Arab houses, show the antiquity of the place. Two barracks especially have been built in this way. Above the door of one, a block forming the

lintel was once ornamented with mouldings, now very much mutilated. Close to the town is a celebrated wely in which lies a colossal sarcophagus, containing, it is said, the body of Noah."[30]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Dura had a population of 420, in 144 houses, though the population count included men, only.[31][32] In 1877 Lieutenant Kitchener had some boys publicly flogged in Dura following an incident when stones were thrown at a member of the Palestine Exploration Fund survey party.[33]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Dura as "A large and nourishing village on the flat slope of a hill, with open ground on the east for about a mile. This plain is cultivated with corn. To the north of Dura are a few olives, and others on the south. The houses are of stone. South of the village are two Mukams with white domes; and on the west, higher than the village, is the tomb of Neby Nuh (Prophet Noah). Near these there are rock-cut sepulchres. The place is well supplied from three springs on the east and one on the south."[34]

British Mandate

In 1921, a violent conflict took place between Dura and the nearby town of Ad-Dhahiriya. It was resolved through the imposition of a hefty fine of 20,000 Egyptian pounds on the "brigands" of Dura.[35]

Women weaving carpet on a ground loom in Dura, 1930s

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dura was divided into Dura al-‘Amaira, with 2,565 inhabitants, and Dura al-Arjan, with 3,269 inhabitants; a total of 5,834, all Muslims.[36] The report of the 1931 census wrote that "the village in the Hebron sub-district commonly known as Dura is a congeries of neighbouring localities each of which has a distinctive name; and, while Dura is a remarkable example of neighbourly agglutination, the phenomenon is not infrequent in other villages". The total of 70 locations listed in the report had 1538 inhabited houses and a population of 7,255 Muslims.[37]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Dura was 9,700, all Muslims,[38] who owned 240,704 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[39] 3,917 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 90,637 for cereals,[40] while 226 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[41] Dura village lands covered in this period an estimated 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi), which included 99 ruined settlement sites.[42]

Dura 1945 1:250,000

Jordanian rule

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Dura came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Dura was 3,852.[43]

Post-1967

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Dura has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 4,954.[44]

The municipality of Dura was established on January 1, 1967, five months before it was occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War.

Dura international stadium

After the Palestinian National Authority was ceded control of the town in 1995, a local committee was set up to prevent land confiscation from the town and the municipal council was expanded. Many Palestinian ministries and governmental institutions opened offices in Dura, enhancing its role in Palestinian politics.

In 1999, Israeli PM Ehud Barak proposed constructing a bridge linking Beit Hanoun and Dura, in order to connect the West Bank with the Gaza Strip.[45]

In 2011 the Dura International Stadium was renovated. It can hold up to 18,000 spectators and hosts national and international games.[46]

The Dura Municipal Rehabilitation Center assists Palestinian Authority residents with special needs and developmental disabilities. Occupational therapy, visual rehabilitation for the seeing impaired, and outreach program are some of the services offered.[47]

Dura has a public library, swimming pool, and a park which includes a children's theater.[citation needed]

Mohammed Dudin funeral

In June 2014, during the search to find

rock throwers, 13[48] or 15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen.[49][50][51]

Israeli settlement

The Israeli settlement of

Judean Mountains[52] and has 515 inhabitants.[53] The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law,[54] but the Israeli government dispute this. The settlement community falls under the jurisdiction of Har Hebron Regional Council.[55]

Demography

Dura is home to several clan, such as Al Swaty, Al 'Amayra, Amro, Al Sharha, Al Darweash, Al Maslamea', Al Darbeai', and Al Awawda'.[56]

The Al 'Amayra (or 'Amr) clan, with families like Haji and Muhammad, has long-standing roots in Dura. They owned lands in the area and allowed migrant families to cultivate and utilized some lands as tenants.[57]

According to one account, the Maslamea' family came from Beit Jala.[57] The surname "Maslamea" suggests that the family could be descendants of a local population—Jews or Christians—who converted to Islam at some point after the Muslim conquest. As per locals interviewed by Ben Zvi in the early 20th century, their forebears adopted Islam after what they termed as the "second conquest," likely referring to Saladin's era. Around that period, they were believed to comprise approximately 200 households, dwelling in a street named Haret al-Maslamea'.[58]

Another important clan in Dura is the Rajoub clan, with well-known figures like Jibril Rajoub. About 6,000 people make up this clan,[59] and they also live in nearby offshoot villages of Dura, including al-Kum, Beit Maqdum, Humsa and Ikrisa.[57] Based on one family member's account, the Rajoub family's oral tradition links their roots to a Yemenite Jew who converted to Islam centuries ago.[59]

Climate

The climate of Dura is dry in the summers and experiences moderate precipitation during winter. Average annual precipitation depend on specific geographic locations within the town. The area of Dahr Alhadaba receives an annual average of 400–600 mm of rain, southern slopes 300–400 mm and the northern region of the Dura hills 250–300.

Landmarks

A local Palestinian legend has it that the patriarch Noah, in Islamic tradition Nebi Nûh, was buried in Dura,[60] and a shrine there commemorates this Arab tradition.[61]

Notable residents

References

  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 393
  3. ^ Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–221.
  4. ^ B. Bar-Kochva, Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids, Cambridge University Press, 2002 p.285.
  5. ^ James L. Kugel, A Walk Through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation, BRILL, 2012 p.303,
  6. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 4
  7. ^ Conder, CR (1876). "Notes on the Language of the Native Peasantry in Palestine" (PDF). Palestine Exploration Quarterly (Taylor & Francis). Retrieved Mar 25, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Sharon, 2013, p. 86
  9. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 946
  10. ^ Gaston Maspero (1896). History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 131.
  11. ^ Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1858). Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler. p. 49.
  12. ^ Lindsay, John. "The Babylonian kings and Edom, 605–550 BCE." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 108, no. 1 (1976): 23-39.
  13. Albright, William F.
    "Ostracon No. 6043 from Ezion-Geber." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 82 (1941): 11-15.
  14. ^ M. Gabrieli; Isaac Sachs (1969). Tour Israel: a tour guide of the country. Evyatar Pub. House; distributed by Steimatzky. p. 99.
  15. ^ a b Kanael, B. "The Partition of Judea by Gabinius". Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 1957, pp. 98–106. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27924692. Accessed 20 July 2020.
  16. ^ Kraeling, Emil G. "Two Place Names of Hellenistic Palestine." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 7, no. 3 (1948): 199-201.
  17. ^ Josephus, Antiquities Book xiii, chapter ix, verse 1.
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  19. ^ Avi-Yonah, 1977, pp. 83–84
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  23. ^ Mukaddasi, 1896, p. 69 (note 3).
  24. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 124
  25. ^ Albright, W.F., The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 74, pp. 11-33
  26. Geography Research Forum
    , 5, 1982, pp. 57-73.
  27. ^ Grossman (1982), p. 64.
  28. ^ Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–221.
  29. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. 2-5
  30. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 353 −355; as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 328
  31. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 153
  32. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 142, noted 249 houses
  33. ^ Kitchener, 1878, p. 14
  34. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 304
  35. ^ Grossman (1982), p. 62-69.
  36. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10
  37. ^ Mills, 1932, pp. Preface, 28–32
  38. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23
  39. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50
  40. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93
  41. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143
  42. ^ Magen Broshi, 'The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period,' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 236 (Autumn, 1979), pp.1-10, p.6.
  43. ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 13
  44. ^ Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
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  46. ^ "إطلاق إسم هواري بومدين على استاد دورا الدولي". وكالــة معــا الاخبارية. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  47. ^ rama. "مركز بلدية دورا للتأهيل". duracity.ps (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  48. ^ '13-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura,' Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency, 20 June 2014.
  49. ^ Jodi Rudoren, 'Israeli Troops Kill Palestinian Teenager Protesting West Bank Arrests,' The New York Times, 20 June 2014:'as he and other youths hurled rocks at about 150 soldiers.'"One of them crouched and opened fire on the boy," said Bassam al-Awadeh, 42, who said he watched from about 150 yards (140 m) away. "The boy was hit in his heart and his abdomen.".'
  50. ^ "14-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura". Maannews.net. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  51. ^ "Palestinian killed in students hunt". Irish Independent. AP. 20 June 2014.
  52. ^ Hoberman, Haggai (2008). Keneged Kol HaSikuim [Against All Odds] (in Hebrew) (1st ed.). Sifriat Netzaim.
  53. ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  54. ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  55. ^ https://www.hrhevron.co.il Har Hebron Regional Council Official Website
  56. ^ Dura Town Profile, ARIJ, 2009
  57. ^ a b c Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–222.
  58. ^ Ben-Zvi, Itzhak (1967). שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת [She'ar Yeshuv] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 407–408.
  59. ^ a b "פעלתי כסייען של ישראל, אך לא בגדתי בעם הפלסטיני". Makor Rishon. 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  60. ^ Edward Platt, City of Abraham: History, Myth and Memory: A Journey through Hebron, Pan Macmillan, 2012 p.54.
  61. ^ Edward Robinson,Biblical researches in Palestine and the adjacent regions: a journal of travels in the years 1838 and 1852, 2nd ed. J Murray 1856 p,214

Bibliography

External links

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