Dysphania pusilla

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Dysphania pusilla

Nationally Endangered (NZ TCS)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Dysphania
Species:
D. pusilla
Binomial name
Dysphania pusilla
Mosyakin & Clemants
Synonyms[2]
  • Chenopodium pusillum Hook.f.

Dysphania pusilla, formerly Chenopodium pusillum, otherwise known as pygmy goosefoot or parahia in

extinct
after 56 years without recorded observations, the species was rediscovered in 2015.

Description

Dysphania pusilla is an annual, puberulent herb, growing to around 20 centimetres (8 in) in length and often forming a cushion-like covering on surfaces such as clay and rocks. The herb is distinguishable from other species of the genus (such as the introduced

colour morphs,[3] produces small green and yellow flowers during the warmer months.[1]

Etymology

The name is derived from the term pusilla, which is the Latin word for 'very small'.[4]

Location

Dysphania pusilla, a New Zealand endemic,[1] is generally located in the north-eastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand;[5] Harry Allan in his Flora of New Zealand [es] (1961) mentions that it does not grow south of 43°30'S.[6][7] The plant is usually found in dry, sparsely-vegetated open spaces, including ephemeral wetlands, but has also been known to bloom in urban environments such as railway yards and agricultural land.[8]

History

The plant was first recorded in 1864 as Chenopodium pusillum by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his systematic work Handbook of the New Zealand Flora. Missionary Richard Taylor in his book Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its inhabitants (1855) had recorded the Māori proverb

explaining that "This saying is applied to a diligent husbandman. The parahia is a diminutive kind of spinach, which overruns their cultivations."[10] Parahia was identified as Ctenopodium pusillum by botanist

Sergei Leonidovich Mosyakin and Steven Earl Clemants re-allocated this taxon to the genus Dysphania.[2]

The plant was prevalent until 1959, when the last known sample was located beside a railway siding in Christchurch, and although Colenso had described it as abundant in Maori cultivations,[12] it got no mention in any lists of indigenous "weeds" affecting agriculture or horticulture,[7] and was by 1999 considered data deficient.[13] In 2012, "following repeated surveys in known or expected habitats at appropriate times", Dysphania pusilla was considered extinct.[14]

Botanist Shannel Courtney,

mid-Canterbury.[15] Botanists speculate that seeds of D. pusilla lie dormant for decades awaiting suitable growing conditions.[3] The plant is still threatened by habitat loss to date, due to introduced species and changes in land use for agricultural purposes and cattle grazing. Thus, in both 2017 and 2018, it was declared "Threatened - Nationally Endangered".[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Dysphania pusilla". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  2. ^
    Steven E. Clemants (2008). "Further Transfers of glandular-pubescent species from Chenopodium subg. Ambrosia to Dysphania (Chenopodiaceae)"
    . Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 1. Vol. 2. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. pp. 425–31. Retrieved 9 September 2016. Dysphania pusilla (Hook, f.) Mosyakin & Clemants, comb. nov. Basionym: Chenopodium pusillum Hook, f., Handh New Zealand Fl. 1:231. 1864.
  3. ^ a b "The re-discovery of the presumed extinct Dysphania pusilla" (PDF). Trilepidia. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. June 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  4. ^ "Latin definition for: pusillus, pusilla". Latin dictionary. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Rangers rediscover rare plants". Radio New Zealand. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  6. Lucy B. Moore; Elizabeth Edgar; Arthur John Healy (1961). Flora of New Zealand: Indigenous tracheophyta : monocotyledones except Gramineae
    . R.E. Owen, Govt. printer. p. 228. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  7. ^
    doi:10.1080/0028825x.2005.9512954
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-477-02529-4
    . Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  9. ^ Richard Taylor (1855). Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its inhabitants. Illustrating the origin, manners, customs, mythology, religion ... of the natives; together with the geology, natural history, productions, and climate of the country. Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 133. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  10. ^ "ENZB – 1855 – Taylor, Richard. Te Ika a Maui — CHAPTER IX: WAKATAUKI, OR PROVERBS". University of Auckland (Early New Zealand Books). Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  11. ^ Colenso, William (1880). "Contributions towards a better knowledge of the Māori Race. Part II — Proverbs and proverbial sayings.". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Vol. 12. Royal Society of New Zealand. pp. 108–47. Retrieved 9 September 2016. Tena te ringa tango parahia! Well-done the hand that roots up weeds! Applied to a steady worker in root-crop plantations. Parahia, a low-spreading weed (Ctenopodium pusillum), is particularly plentiful at Taupo.
  12. ^ Andersen, Johannes Carl (1926). "Popular names of New Zealand plants". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Vol. 56. Royal Society of New Zealand. pp. 683–. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  13. hdl:10092/415
    .
  14. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2012.691426
    .
  15. ^ "'Extinct' native plants rediscovered". Department of Conservation (New Zealand). Retrieved 9 September 2016.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Dysphania pusilla.
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