Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
| Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests | |
|---|---|
 Broadleaf forests in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan | |
 Ecoregion territory (in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Indomalayan |
| Biome | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests |
| Borders | List
|
| Bird species | 490[1] |
| Mammal species | 183[1] |
| Geography | |
| Area | 83,100 km2 (32,100 sq mi) |
| Countries | |
| Conservation | |
| Habitat loss | 20.809%[1] |
| Protected | 8.97%[1] |
The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests is a
Setting
This ecoregion covers an area of 83,100 km2 (32,100 sq mi) and constitutes a band of temperate broadleaf forests lying on steep mountain slopes of the Himalayas between approximately 2,000 and 3,000 m (6,600 and 9,800 ft). It extends from the
The temperate broadleaf forests transition into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests and the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests at lower elevations, and into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests at higher elevations. This area receives over 2000 mm of rainfall per year, mostly falling from May to September during the monsoon.[citation needed]
Flora
The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests are diverse and species-rich, with a great diversity (of
The ecoregion has two broad forest types: evergreen and deciduous. Evergreen forests are characterized by oaks (Quercus spp.), chiefly Quercus lamellosa, together with Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron falconeri, Rhododendron thomsonii, Magnolia doltsopa, Magnolia cathcartii, Exbucklandia populnea, Symplocos cochinchinensis, Magnolia spp., Cinnamomum spp., and Machilus spp. The many rhododendron species include more than fifty in Sikkim and another sixty in Bhutan.
In the deciduous forests meanwhile the predominant tree species are Himalayan maple (Acer campbellii), Juglans regia, Alnus nepalensis, Betula alnoides, Betula utilis, and Echinocarpus dasycarpus.
Finally in Eastern Nepal there are wetter areas dominated by a mixture of Magnolia campbellii, Acer campbellii and Osmanthus suavis along with Himalayan hazel (Corylus ferox).
Fauna
The forests are home to over 500 species of bird some of which migrate to the higher Himalayas in the hot summer. There are twelve near-endemic bird species as well as the strictly endemic rufous-throated wren-babbler. A number of bird species especially pheasant, tragopan and hornbill are easily threatened by changes to their habitat and those found here include the globally threatened rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Sclater's monal (Lophophorus sclateri), white-bellied heron (Ardea insignis), Blyth's tragopan (Tragopan blythii) and Ward's trogon (Harpactes wardi).
There are four endemic or near-endemic mammals including Gee's golden langur (
Conservation
Most of the forest is intact as these are steep inaccessible slopes, although the
Protected areas
In 1997, 15 protected areas were identified in this ecoregion, with a combined area of approximately 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi) that includes 7% of the ecoregion's area:[4]
- Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests) (120 km2 (46 sq mi))
- Mouling National Park, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests) (200 km2 (77 sq mi))
- Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests and Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests) ((110 km2 (42 sq mi))
- Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests) (410 km2 (160 sq mi))
- Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal (159 km2 (61 sq mi))[5]
- Makalu-Barun National Park, Nepal (1,500 km2 (580 sq mi));[5] also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
- Neora Valley National Park, West Bengal (88 km2 (34 sq mi))[6]
- Torsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bhutan (651 km2 (251 sq mi));[6] also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
- Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (560 km2 (220 sq mi))
- Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (310 km2 (120 sq mi))
- Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests) (390 km2 (150 sq mi))
- Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (600 km2 (230 sq mi))
- Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh (1,580 km2 (610 sq mi))
- Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (780 km2 (300 sq mi))
- Chayu Nature Reserve, Tibet (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests) (320 km2 (120 sq mi))
See also
References
- ^ a b c d
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
- Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 335–338.
- ^ "Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 335–338.
- ^ ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5
- ^ a b Shakya, B., Joshi, R. M. (2008). Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region with Special Reference to the Kangchenjunga Landscape. In: N. Chettri, B. Shakya, E. Sharma (eds.) Biodiversity Conservation in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. Pp. 13–20.