Eastern Parkway
NYCDOT | |
Length | 4.2 mi (6.8 km)[1] |
---|---|
Width | 70 to 200 feet (21 to 61 m) |
Restrictions | No commercial vehicles west of Ralph Avenue (excluding service roads) |
Location | Brooklyn, New York |
Postal code | 11207, 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, 11238 |
West end | Grand Army Plaza in Prospect Heights |
East end | Bushwick Avenue in Bushwick |
Eastern Parkway | |
No. 0998 | |
Location | Brooklyn, New York City |
Area | 63.69 acres (25.77 ha) |
Built | 1870–1874 |
Architect | Frederick Law Olmsted; Calvert Vaux |
NRHP reference No. | 83001689[2] |
NYCL No. | 0998 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | September 26, 1983 |
Designated NYCL | August 22, 1978 |
Eastern Parkway is a major east–west
The road begins at
Eastern Parkway was built with the expectation that it would be the centerpiece of a neighborhood with "first-class" housing. Ultimately, the resulting development encompassed a variety of building styles including single-family homes, mansions, and apartment buildings. The parkway extension east of Ralph Avenue was built in the late 1890s. The neighborhoods around the parkway developed into a "Doctor's Row" in the late 19th century, and further settlement occurred with the opening of the
Route description
East of Ralph Avenue, the
Originally, Eastern Parkway east of Ralph Avenue continued down present-day Pitkin Avenue toward where Aqueduct Racetrack is today. The addresses along Pitkin Avenue are continuations of those on Eastern Parkway.[4] Pitkin Avenue was created by the late 1890s when Eastern Parkway Extension was constructed.[6] Eastern Park, the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers before Ebbets Field, was located at Eastern Parkway and Vesta Avenue (now Pitkin Avenue at Van Sinderen Avenue, respectively).[7][8][9]
In Crown Heights, Eastern Parkway divides the black community to the north and the Jewish community to the south. This separation was highlighted during the 1991
Design
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation credit Eastern Parkway as the world's first parkway, built explicitly for personal and recreational traffic while restricting commercial traffic.[1][14] Frederick Law Olmsted, the parkway's co-designer, described a parkway as "a shaded green ribbon" which might "be absolutely formal or strikingly picturesque, according to circumstances."[15][16] Eastern and Ocean Parkways were planned together,[17][18] though Eastern Parkway was intended to be the more grand of the two.[19] West of Washington Avenue, the roadway is about 150 feet (46 m) wide.[20] The section between Washington and Ralph Avenues is 200 feet (61 m) wide between curbs,[21][1][a] with a main road, two service roads, and two medians.[23] The main roads are 55 feet (17 m) wide, while the service roads and medians are each around 30 feet (9.1 m) wide.[21][1] Both medians have trees, benches, and paths for pedestrians. These medians contain sidewalks with hexagonal asphalt tiles and benches made of concrete or wood.[24]
Eastern Parkway Extension is 70 feet (21 m) wide between curbs, with two 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) sidewalks,[6] for a total width of 110 feet (34 m).[22] This section has a narrower median of between 5 and 8 feet (1.5 and 2.4 m) separating each direction of traffic. There are three lanes in each direction.[25]
Originally, there were 1,100 trees planted in the medians.
Traffic and safety
West of Ralph Avenue, most traffic uses the main road of Eastern Parkway, while the service roads tend to be used by local traffic; commercial vehicles are prohibited on all of the roadways.[29] Trucks are allowed east of Ralph Avenue, where traffic loads are heavy throughout the day.[25] Neither section of Eastern Parkway is designated as a local truck route.[30]
Between Grand Army Plaza and Ralph Avenue, the main road has
Due to its width, as well as the lack of traffic lights on some service roads, Eastern Parkway contains a number of dangerous intersections, especially at those with two-way cross streets or one-way southbound cross streets.[29] This is exacerbated by cars attempting to turn from the main road onto the side streets, who frequently block the crosswalk or make quick turns onto these streets.[35] One of the more dangerous intersections along Eastern Parkway is at Utica Avenue, a two-way street, frequently regarded as the most dangerous intersection in Brooklyn.[36][37] This was once the second-most-dangerous intersection in the city, with 88 pedestrians being hurt and four being killed between 1995 and 2001.[38] Another intersection with Washington Avenue, a two-way street, formerly lacked a traffic light for the northbound service road. Between 1995 and 2005, the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue saw one fatality and 39 injuries,[39] though the intersection with Washington Avenue was later upgraded with a traffic light.[40] The New York City Police Department also identified other intersections, such as Eastern Parkway's junctions with Kingston Avenue and Nostrand Avenue, as dangerous during the late 20th century.[41]
Because of the high number of traffic incidents on Eastern Parkway, the parkway is designated as a Vision Zero traffic safety "priority corridor".[42][34] In an effort to reduce injuries, the city proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads during the 2010s.[43] In addition, dedicated turn lanes were added, and traffic signal phases were modified so cars did not conflict with pedestrians and cyclists.[34]
History
Planning and construction
Eastern Parkway is located on the high edge of
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who were also responsible for Central Park and Prospect Park, suggested the construction of Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway to Brooklyn park commissioners in reports prepared in 1866.[1] The proposed parkways would connect Prospect Park with Coney Island and East New York, and the parkways were inspired by boulevards such as Under den Linden in Berlin and Avenue Foch in Paris. Ocean and Eastern Parkways were considered to be improvements over the European thoroughfares, since both would contain service roads separated from the main road by tree-lined medians.[17][18] Olmsted and Vaux intended the parkways to be the center of a parkway system in Brooklyn. Though this plan did not come to fruition, it spurred plans for other park and parkway systems in the United States.[1] The design of Eastern Parkway also popularized the concept of tree-lined parkways in the U.S.[50]
Until the 1860s, the road was known as Sackett Street.
Late 19th century
Development
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_Eastern_Parkway_Looking_towards_Museum_Eugene_Wemlinger_ca._1903-_1910_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/220px-View_of_Eastern_Parkway_Looking_towards_Museum_Eugene_Wemlinger_ca._1903-_1910_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg)
By 1874, Eastern Parkway was almost completed, and lots were put for sale on the route of the parkway.[54] The Report of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners for the Years 1874–1879, contained a description of "Parkways, Avenues, Streets and Roads, graded, paved and otherwise improved by the Brooklyn Park Commissioners" between 1866 and 1879. The report classified Ocean Parkway as a "gravel roadway" and Eastern Parkway as being of "macadam stone, Belgian block and cobble". Specifically, the main road was paved with macadam while the service roads were of stone blocks.[15][55]
In conjunction with the development of Eastern Parkway, a special zoning ordinance was implemented (see § Structures).[15] The plan was supposed to spur "first-class" construction on the parkway; according to Brooklyn city official James S. T. Stranahan, similar development had occurred in Brooklyn Heights and at the original location of Columbia College.[56] However, development was stymied by disputes over the ownership of the "East Side Lands" of Prospect Park, at the parkway's western end.[57][56] The city of Brooklyn sold off some of the property north of the parkway in 1881. The city's attempts to sell the remaining lotd led to a lengthy lawsuit, in which the New York Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the city.[57] Some of the land lay undeveloped until a realty company vouched for the property title in 1910.[56]
Like some later roads on Long Island, Eastern Parkway was designed to use land that was idle because it was high, rocky, and unsuited to farming. The presence of the road, however, made the area desirable as a residences people whose income derived from elsewhere. Thus it became inhabited in the next few decades, while land on slopes to the south and north continued to be used for farms into the 20th century. Eastern Parkway divided the Crow Hill section of Crown Heights to the south and the African American village of Weeksville to the north.[1] The area became known as "Doctor's Row" due to the high concentration of professionals that moved to the area by the 20th century.[1][58] By the early 1900s, the area around Eastern Parkway had been developed; though a few single-family homes had been built, mostly along President Street, the majority of structures did not follow Olmsted's 1868 zoning regulations.[56]
Extensions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Eastern_Parkway_bike_path.jpg/170px-Eastern_Parkway_bike_path.jpg)
While Stranahan originally envisioned one large park between Prospect Park and Jamaica, Queens (with the parks being connected via Eastern Parkway), rapid development made this impossible.[59] Through the 1890s, the parkway was seldom used east of Bedford Avenue.[60] The eastern end of the parkway, at Ralph Avenue, led nowhere; this contrasted with Ocean Parkway, which ended at the Atlantic Ocean.[57]
In the 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near
Brooklyn's Department of City Works also wanted to build a second extension about 500 feet (150 m) east from Ralph Avenue to East New York Avenue;[68] the extension was 80 feet (24 m) wide.[69] After the consolidation of the City of Greater New York, a further extension eastward was originally planned as part of Eastern Parkway; this later became Interboro (now Jackie Robinson) Parkway.[70] There were also proposals to extend Eastern Parkway southeast to Rockaway Parkway[71] and east to the Long Island suburbs.[72]
Early and mid-20th century
An equestrian statue of Henry Warner Slocum was installed in the middle of the main roadway, at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, in 1905.[73][74] The service roads were widened in 1907,[15] and dead trees along the parkway were replaced in the 1900s.[75]
The early 20th century brought proposals for
In advance of the subway's opening, large numbers of residential buildings were developed along the parkway, especially near stations that were to be served by express trains.[20] Following the subway's completion, a large number of Jews and African-Americans moved into high-rise buildings along Eastern Parkway.[1] These developments included Copley Plaza and Turner Towers, as well as the Lubavitch world headquarters.[1][86] In addition, brick houses and religious buildings were developed along the parkway. Rents for storefronts on the parkway increased by more than 100%, from $1,000–1,200 before World War I to $2,500–3,000 afterward.[87] By the 1920s, the area around the parkway was an upscale residential neighborhood, where people would visit just to see wealthy residents drive by.[88]
The Slocum statue at the intersection with Bedford Avenue was relocated in 1924,[89] and concrete benches were installed along the parkway's bike path in the early 1930s.[90] In addition, through the 20th century, veterans' groups affixed memorial plaques to many of the fences that surrounded the parkway's trees. The fences were removed in 1939 because they blocked the growth of the trees, and the plaques were reinstalled on granite stones at the bases of each trees.[91] Although a Works Progress Administration guidebook from 1939 stated that Eastern Parkway "recalls the Champs-Élysées",[24][92] the parkway's condition gradually declined during the mid-20th century due to a lack of maintenance.[88] In the late 1950s, to improve safety, the New York City Department of Transportation installed yield signs and traffic lights on Eastern Parkway's service roads at some intersections. At the time, only the main road had traffic lights, and drivers on the service roads had to yield to traffic turning off the main road; this created a hazardous condition because the wide medians hindered visibility.[93]
Late 20th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crown_Heights%2C_Brooklyn%2C_NY%2C_USA_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Crown_Heights%2C_Brooklyn%2C_NY%2C_USA_-_panoramio.jpg)
The
Due to the aftermath of the
Work officially commenced on the project in August 1987.
The project required the temporary removal of nearly 2,500 parking spaces, so people frequently double-parked in travel lanes.[104] The West Indian Day Parade. which performed on Eastern Parkway every year, was not displaced by the project.[106] Due to a dispute with the New York City government, Naclerio temporarily halted work on the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway from 1988 to September 1989.[104] Naclerio filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1990 without finishing the project.[103] The city refused to fire Naclerio,[107] though they did file a lawsuit to force the renovation's completion.[108] A representative of Brooklyn Community Board 9 said that residents had "been victimized long enough" by the prolonged renovation, while the chairman of Brooklyn Community Board 8 said,[109] "I went away to war and came back and nothing was changed."[110] The project was nearly completed by 1992.[103][110] After the Tully Construction Company resumed construction in 1993, the cost of the renovation increased to $62.4 million. The renovation was completed that year.[105]
21st century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eastern_Pkwy_Utica_Av_td_%282021-12-11%29_03.jpg/220px-Eastern_Pkwy_Utica_Av_td_%282021-12-11%29_03.jpg)
The four-block section of Eastern Parkway between Grand Army Plaza and Washington Avenue was the only part of the original parkway that was not rebuilt in the 1980s and 1990s. Although the New York City government had spent $362,000 to redesign that section of the parkway, funding for construction was delayed after the city councilman for the area, James Davis, was assassinated in 2003.[111] Work on a $5.9 million rebuild of that section began in October 2005.[112][113] In the early 2010s, the reconstruction of the 0.5-mile (0.80 km) section between Grand Army Plaza and Washington Avenue was completed. The work included a westbound bike lane in the northern median and a traffic light at the intersection with Washington Avenue.[40]
The New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) added concrete pedestrian medians at two intersections in 2015 but removed them after local officials said the islands would obstruct the West Indian Day Parade;[114] these were replaced with removable rubber medians.[34][115] In 2017, as part of the Vision Zero traffic-safety plan, also NYCDOT proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads.[43] In 2020, the NYCDOT upgraded the segment of Eastern Parkway between Lincoln Place and Pacific Street to make it more usable for cyclists and pedestrians. The intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue was upgraded in 2022, and the NYCDOT proposed further upgrades to the section between Rogers to Troy Avenues in 2023.[116]
Structures
The design of the original parkway was supposed to spur the construction of prestigious residential structures between Douglas Street to the north and President Street to the south. On the service roads, Olmsted proposed erecting only "first class" residences with buildings set back 20 feet (6.1 m) from the sidewalk. The service roads themselves would be relegated to 35-foot-wide (11 m) driveways filled only with greenhouses, carriage houses, and stables. Olmsted believed he could narrow the paved portion of the main road to 40-foot-wide (12 m) and widen the medians to 50 feet (15 m). In accordance with this, Douglass and President Streets, which ran parallel to the parkway two blocks away, were widened.
Present-day attractions and notable buildings along Eastern Parkway include the
Events
Eastern Parkway is the route of the
Transportation
The
See also
- List of parkways in New York
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn
References
Notes
Citations
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- ^ "Summer Streets expands to 20 miles of car-free open space and will include Harlem for 1st time". WABC-TV. June 12, 2023. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ See, for example: Adcroft, Patrick (May 16, 2024). "Street closures, subway changes set for Brooklyn Half Marathon". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024; Luck, Brad (April 26, 2024). "Brooklyn Half Marathon: route, road closures, what to know". NBC New York. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ Correal, Annie; Newman, Andy (May 23, 2014). "New York Today: Memorial Day, Writ Small". City Room. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
- ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Crown Heights" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Ocean Hill" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- ^ "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
Sources
- Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873. [Brooklyn] : The Commissioners. 1861.
- ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9.
- Eastern Parkway (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 22, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- Eastern Parkway Extension Master Plan Part 1 (PDF). nyc.gov (Report). New York City Department of Transportation. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
- Eastern Parkway Extension Master Plan Part 2 (PDF). nyc.gov (Report). New York City Department of Transportation. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
- Eastern Parkway Extension Master Plan Part 3 (PDF). nyc.gov (Report). New York City Department of Transportation. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
- Eastern Parkway Safety Improvements and Service Road Signalization (PDF). nyc.gov (Report). New York City Department of Transportation. September 26, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
- ISBN 978-1-4236-1911-6.
- Ocean Parkway (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 28, 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
External links
Media related to Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn) at Wikimedia Commons