Ecballium
Squirting cucumber | |
---|---|
A fruit of the squirting cucumber | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Cucurbitales |
Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
Subfamily: | Cucurbitoideae |
Tribe: | Bryonieae |
Genus: | Ecballium A.Rich.[1]
|
Species: | E. elaterium
|
Binomial name | |
Ecballium elaterium (
A.Rich.[1] | |
Synonyms | |
Elaterium |
Ecballium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cucurbitaceae containing a single species, Ecballium elaterium,[1][2] also called the squirting cucumber or exploding cucumber (not the same plant as Cyclanthera brachystachya). Its unusual common name derives from the ripe fruit squirting a stream of mucilaginous liquid containing its seeds as a means of seed dispersal, an example of rapid plant movement.[3]
Distribution
E. elaterium is native to Europe, northern Africa, and temperate areas of Asia, and is considered an invasive species.[2][4] It is grown as an ornamental plant elsewhere, and in some places it has naturalized.[4][5]
Seed dispersal
The tissue in the fruit of the Ecballium elaterium that surrounds the seeds is made of large, thin-walled cells facilitating the propulsive release of seeds by "squirting".[3][6] Pressure to expel the seeds is created by the increased concentration of a glucoside called elaterinidin in the sap of the fruit tissue's cells, leading to a turgor pressure of up to 27 atms. The pressure builds up until its force detaches the fruit from the stalk. At the same time, the pericarp contracts and the fruit and seeds are ejected through the hole produced by detachment.[6] The pressure-building method may depend on the Phloem sieve tubes, indicating that the squirting mechanism can be decreased in water stressed conditions.[7]
The fruit also uses hygroscopic movement and stored elastic energy to squirt the seeds out of the fruit.[3] This method is done passively where the fruit changes its structure as it dehydrates and deteriorates, causing movement.[3] This movement may be due to coiling, bending, or twisting cells to change its morphological shape as the cells dry.[3] Because drying cells are mostly made up of cell wall, the shape is determined by the cell wall, providing a method for catapulting of seeds to eject them out of the plant.[3][8]
Sudden movements in plant tissues are prone to different types of mechanical instabilities.[3] In the case of E. elaterium, due to the relationship between the duration of movement and the size of the tissue, the plant tissue fractures.[3] Effectiveness of the dispersal seems to be low as a study found that even though the E. elaterium could have sprayed its seed to the whole plot, the size and location of the infested areas remained relatively similar.[9]
History in folk medicine
This section needs more primary sources. (November 2014) |
Elaterium is the
According to the
In the 21st century, elaterium and its constituents are considered a poison, with several case reports of hospitalization, edema of the uvula, and necrosis of the nasal mucosa resulting from nasal or oral consumption.[11][13]
References
- ^ a b c "Search results for Ecballium". The Plant List. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Ecballium elaterium". CABI. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b "Ecballium elaterium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich". USDA PLANTS.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-323-15067-5.
- PMID 16659856.
- PMID 24767122.
- .
- .
- ^ S2CID 22186075.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- S2CID 24658851.
public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elaterium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the