Electricity in Britain
42.65% (2021)[3] | |
Share of renewable energy | 39.32% (2021)[3] |
---|---|
GHG emissions from electricity generation (2020) | 181 t CO2 per GWh[4] |
Average electricity use (2009) | 5,958 kWh/person |
Transmission & Distribution losses (2017) | 7.5% |
Institutions | |
Responsibility for regulation | Office of Gas and Electricity Markets |
Responsibility for policy-setting | Parliament of the United Kingdom |
Electricity sector law | Electricity Act 1989 |
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: more on path to net zero in 2035 from https://www.theccc.org.uk/2023/03/09/a-reliable-secure-and-decarbonised-power-system-by-2035-is-possible-but-not-at-this-pace-of-delivery/ already cited. (April 2024) |
The
The use of electricity declined in the 2010s and early 2020s, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances.[8] However demand is projected to increase considerably due to electrification, such as heat pumps[9] and electric vehicles.[10]
UK energy policy includes capping some residential energy price rates,[11] and wholesale prices for some new low-carbon power can be stabilized by the government.[12]
History
In 2008 nuclear electricity production was 53.2 TW·h, equivalent to 860 kWh per person. In 2014, 28.1 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, which contributed 9.3% of the UK's electricity requirement.[14] In 2015, 40.4 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, and the quarterly generation record was set in the three-month period from October to December 2015, with 13% of the nation's electricity demand met by wind.[15] Wind power contributed 15% of UK electricity generation in 2017 and 18.5% in the final quarter of 2017.[16] In 2019, National Grid announced that low-carbon generation technologies had produced more electricity than fossil generators for the first time in Britain.[17]
National grid
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2019) |
The first to use
In 1925, the British government asked
The grid was created with 4,000 miles of cables: mostly overhead cables, linking the 122 most efficient power stations. The first "grid tower" was erected near Edinburgh on 14 July 1928,[21] and work was completed in September 1933, ahead of schedule and on budget.[22][23] It began operating in 1933 as a series of regional grids with auxiliary interconnections for emergency use. Following the unauthorised but successful short term parallelling of all regional grids by the night-time engineers on 29 October 1937,[24] by 1938 the grid was operating as a national system. By then, the growth in the number of electricity users was the fastest in the world, rising from three quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938.[25] It proved its worth during
The grid was nationalised by the Electricity Act 1947, which also created the British Electricity Authority. In 1949, the British Electricity Authority decided to upgrade the grid by adding 275 kV links.At its inception in 1950, the 275 kV Transmission System was designed to form part of a national supply system, with an anticipated total demand of 30,000 MW by 1970. This predicted demand was already exceeded by 1960. The rapid load growth led the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) to carry out a study of future transmission needs, completed in September 1960. The study is described in a paper presented to the Institution of Electrical Engineers by Booth, Clark, Egginton and Forrest in 1962.
Considered in the study, together with the increased demand, was the effect on the transmission system of the rapid advances in generator design, resulting in projected power stations of 2,000–3,000 MW installed capacity. These new stations were mostly to be sited where advantage could be taken of a surplus of cheap low-grade fuel and adequate supplies of cooling water, but these locations did not coincide with the load centres.
Continued reinforcement and extension of the existing 275 kV systems were examined as possible solutions. However, in addition to the technical problem of very high fault levels, many more lines would have been required to obtain the estimated transfers at 275 kV. As this was not consistent with the CEGB's policy of preservation of amenities, a further solution was sought. Consideration was given to both a 400 kV and a 500 kV scheme as the alternatives, either of which gave a sufficient margin for future expansion. A 400 kV system was chosen, for two main reasons. First, the majority of the 275 kV lines could be uprated to 400 kV, and secondly it was envisaged that operation at 400 kV could commence in 1965, compared with 1968 for a 500 kV scheme. Design work was started, and to meet the 1965 timescale, the contract engineering for the first projects had to run concurrently with the design. This included the
With the development of the
On the breakup of the CEGB in 1990, the ownership and operation of the National Grid in England and Wales passed to National Grid Company plc, later to become National Grid Transco, and now
Generation
The mode of generation has changed over the years. During the 1940s some 90% of the generating capacity was fired by coal, with oil providing most of the remainder.
The United Kingdom started to develop a
During the 1960s and 70s, coal plants were built to supply consumption despite
Despite the flow of North Sea oil from the mid-1970s, oil fuelled generation remained relatively small and continued to decline.
Starting in 1993, and continuing through the 1990s, a combination of factors led to a so-called
By 2004, coal use in power stations had fallen to 50.5 million tonnes, representing 82.4% of all coal used in 2004 (a fall of 43.6% compared to 1980 levels), though up slightly from its low in 1999.[29] On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since 1882.[30][31] On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, according to the National Grid.[32]
From the mid-1990s new renewable energy sources began to contribute to the electricity generated, adding to a small hydroelectricity generating capacity.
UK 'energy gap'
In the early years of the 2000s, concerns grew over the prospect of an 'energy gap' in United Kingdom generating capacity. This was forecast to arise because it was expected that a number of
A report from the industry in 2005 forecast that, without action to fill the gap, there would be a 20% shortfall in electricity generation capacity by 2015. Similar concerns were raised by a report published in 2000 by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (Energy – The Changing Climate). The 2006 Energy Review attracted considerable press coverage – in particular in relation to the prospect of constructing a new generation of nuclear power stations, in order to prevent the rise in carbon dioxide emissions that would arise if other conventional power stations were to be built.
Among the public, according to a November 2005 poll conducted by YouGov for Deloitte, 35% of the population expected that by 2020 the majority of electricity generation would come from renewable energy (more than double the government's target, and far larger than the 5.5% generated as of 2008),[37] 23% expected that the majority will come from nuclear power, and only 18% that the majority will come from fossil fuels. 92% thought the Government should do more to explore alternative power generation technologies to reduce carbon emissions.[38]
Plugging the energy gap
The first move to plug the United Kingdom's projected energy gap was the construction of the conventionally gas-fired Langage Power Station and Marchwood Power Station which became operational in 2010.
In 2007, proposals for the construction of two new coal-fired power stations were announced, in Tilbury, Essex and in Kingsnorth, Kent. If built, they would have been the first coal-fired stations to be built in the United Kingdom in 20 years.[39]
Beyond these new plants, there were a number of options that might be used to provide the new generating capacity, while minimising
Energy gap disappears
However, due to reducing demand in the
Another important factor in reduced electrical demand in recent years has come from the
In June 2013, the industry regulator
The use of electricity declined 9% from 2010 to 2017, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances.[8] By 2018 per capita electrical generation had fallen to the same level as in 1984.[46]
In January 2019 Nick Butler, in the Financial Times, wrote: "costs of all forms of energy (apart from nuclear) have fallen dramatically and there is no shortage of supply", partly based on the reserve capacity auction[47] for 2021–2022 achieving extremely low prices.[48][49]
Production
The
Production | Supplied | Conventional thermal and other | CCGT
|
Nuclear | Non thermal renewables | Pumped storage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017[50] | 323,157 | 319,298 | 60,681 | 128,153 | 63,887 | 67,394 | 2,862 |
Modes of production
In 2020, total electricity production stood at 312
- Gas: 35.7% (0.05% in 1990)
- Nuclear: 16.1% (19% in 1990)
- Wind: 24.2% (0% in 1990), of which:
- Onshore Wind: 11.1%
- Offshore Wind: 13%
- Coal: 1.8% (67% in 1990)
- Bio-Energy: 12.6% (0% in 1990)
- Solar: 4.2% (0% in 1990)
- Hydroelectric: 2.2% (2.6% in 1990)
- Oil and other: 3.3% (12% in 1990)
The UK Government energy policy had targeted a total contribution from renewables to achieve 10% by 2010, but it was not until 2012 that this figure was exceeded; renewable energy sources supplied 11.3% (41.3 TWh) of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2012.[52] The Scottish Government has a target of generating 17% to 18% of Scotland's electricity from renewables by 2010,[53] rising to 40% by 2020.[54]
External image | |
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Current grid status Similar data |
The gross production of electricity was 393 TWh in 2004 which gave the 9th position in the world top producers in 2004.[61]
The 6 major companies which dominate the British electricity market ("The
The UK is planning to
Gas and coal
Electricity produced with gas was 160 TWh in 2004 and 177 TWh in 2008. In both years the United Kingdom was the fourth highest producer of electricity from gas. In 2005 the UK produced 3.2% of the world total natural gas; ranking fifth after
Due to reducing demand in the
On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since 1882.[65][66] Due to lower gas prices, economy of coal plants is strained, and 3 coal plants closed in 2016.[67] On 21 April 2017, the mainland grid burnt no coal to make electricity for the first complete 24 hour period.[68][69] And in spring/summer 2020 from 10 April, the UK grid ran for 68 days, without burning any coal.[4]
In August and September 2021, the UK had to restart coal plants, amidst a lack of wind, as power imports from Europe were insufficient to satisfy demand.[70][71]
Nuclear power
Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generates around a quarter of the country's
Renewable energy
From the mid-1990s renewable energy began to contribute to the electricity generated in the United Kingdom, adding to a small hydroelectricity generating capacity. Renewable energy sources provided for 11.3% of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2012,[52] reaching 41.3 TWh of electricity generated. As of 2nd quarter 2017, renewables generated 29.8% of the UK's electricity.[73]
Currently, the biggest renewable source of energy in the UK is wind power, and the UK has some of the best wind resources in Europe. The UK has relatively small hydroelectricity deployment and resources, although some pumped storage exists. Solar power is rapidly growing and provides significant power during daylight hours, but total energy provided is still small. Biofuels are also used as a significant sources of power. Geothermal is not highly accessible and is not a significant source. Tidal resources are present and experimental projects are being tested, but are likely to be expensive.
Wind power delivers a growing percentage of the
In 2014,
Diesel
Britain has a number of
Power stations
External images | |
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Map of UK power stations, 2006 Archive | |
Archive of British Grid map 2012 Source | |
British Grid map 2016 Archive |
Storage
The UK has some large pumped storage systems, notably Dinorwig Power Station which can provide 1.7 GW for over 5 hours, having a storage capacity of about 9 GWh.[85]
It also has significant grid battery storage which can supply several gigawatts for a few hours. As of May 2021, 1.3 GW of battery storage was operating in the United Kingdom, with 16 GW of projects in the pipeline potentially deployable over the next few years.[86] In 2022, UK capacity grew by 800 MWh, ending at 2.4 GW / 2.6 GWh.[87]
In December 2019, the
Consumption
Lighting
The
Export/import
There are 2GW of
The export of electricity was 1–3% of consumption between 2004 and 2009. According to
There are also future plans to lay cables to link the GB grid with
The longest cable, North Sea Link, is 720-kilometre long to connect
Pricing
The electricity market is deregulated in the UK, and the cost per MWh for much of the generated electricity is paid at the locational marginal price, which is occasionally negative during low consumption and high winds, starting in 2019.[93] The price is traded on a spot market (APX Power UK owned by the APX Group).
Electricity billing
In the UK, an electricity supplier is a
Pollution
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
The UK historically had a coal-driven grid that generated large amounts of CO2 and other pollutants including SO2 and nitrogen oxides, leading to some acid rain found in Norway and Sweden. Coal plants had to be fitted with scrubbers which added to costs.[94]
In 2019 the electricity sector of the UK emitted 0.256 kg of CO2 per kWh of electricity.[95]
See also
- Energy in the United Kingdom
- Energy policy of the United Kingdom
- National Grid (Great Britain)
- Lists of power stations in the United Kingdom
- High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom
- List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom
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