Emperor Kaika
Emperor Kaika 開化天皇 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 158 BC – 98 BC (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Kōgen | ||||
Successor | Sujin | ||||
Born | 208 BC[2] | ||||
Died | 98 BC (aged 110) | ||||
Burial | Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi (春日率川坂上陵) (Nara) | ||||
Spouse | Ikagashikome-no-Mikoto | ||||
Issue among others... | Emperor Sujin | ||||
| |||||
House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Kōgen | ||||
Mother | Utsushikome | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Emperor Kaika
Legendary narrative
In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only Kaika's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi or tomb for Kaika is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kaika was born sometime in 208 BC, and is recorded as being the second son of Emperor Kōgen.[2] His empress mother was named Utsushikome, who was the daughter of Oyakuchisukune.[citation needed] Before he was enthroned sometime in 158 BC, his pre-ascension name was Prince Nikohiko Ō-hibi no Mikoto.[6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Sakaihara-no-miya (軽之堺原宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[5] Emperor Kaika had a chief wife (empress) named Ikagashikome, along with three consorts of which he fathered five children with. Kaika ruled until his death in 98 BC; his second son was then enthroned as the next emperor.[6] His son/heir to the throne was posthumously named Sujin by later generations, and is the first emperor that historians say might have actually existed.[7]
Known information
The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[8] Kaika is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the eighth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[b] The name Kaika-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.
Like Emperor Kōshō and Emperor Kōrei, there is a possibility that "Kaika" could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD). Historian Louis Frédéric notes this idea in his book Japan Encyclopedia where he says "more likely early AD", but this remains disputed among other researchers.[6][11] The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[7] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[14] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]
Consorts and children
- Empress: Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Oohesoki's daughter
- Prince Mimakiirihikoinie (御間城入彦五十瓊殖尊), later Emperor Sujin
- Princess Mimatsuhime (御真津比売命)
- Consort: Taniwanotakano-hime (丹波竹野媛), Taniwa no Ooagatanushi Yugori's daughter
- Prince Hikoyumusu (彦湯産隅命)
- Consort: Hahatsu-hime (姥津媛), Prince Waninishisaihito's daughter
- Prince Hikoimasu (彦坐王)
- Consort: Washi-hime (鸇比売), Katsuragi no Tarumi no Sukune's daughter
- Prince Taketoyohazurawake (建豊波豆羅和気王)
Family tree
See also
- Emperor of Japan
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Imperial cult
Notes
- ^ The name Kaikwa has also been used.[3]
- ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai)[9]
- ^ The 29th Emperor[12][13]
- Yamato dynasty
- ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[45]
References
- ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
- ^ a b "開化天皇 (9)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ a b Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". The Japan Times Online. Japan Times. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
- ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.
Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- JSTOR 41933346.
Review of Japan Encyclopedia
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
- ISBN 9780520034600.
- ISBN 9780132712897.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780231049405.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
- ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
- ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』(新装復刊) 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
- ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
- ^ a b 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ^ JSTOR 26652947.
- ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
- ^ ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ 『図説 歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
- ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
- ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
- ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
- ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
- ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
- ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
- OCLC 11917421.
- ^ ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
- ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
- ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
- ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780722225394.
- ISBN 9780520034600.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
- ^ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
- ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
- ^ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
- ^ Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ^ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
- ISBN 9780824830359.
- ^ ISBN 9781930782013.
- ^ ISBN 9780415306539.
- ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
- ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
- ^ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人?". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
- ^ 日本人名大辞典+Plus, 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版. "仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは? 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
- ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.
Further reading
- OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 251325323
- OCLC 1882339
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: OCLC 58053128
- OCLC 194887
- OCLC 5850691
- OCLC 59145842