Emperor Yōzei

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Emperor Yōzei
陽成天皇
(from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu)
Emperor of Japan
ReignDecember 18, 876 – March 4, 884
CoronationJanuary 20, 877
PredecessorSeiwa
SuccessorKōkō
BornJanuary 2, 869
Somedono In, Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
DiedOctober 23, 949(949-10-23) (aged 80)
Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Burial
Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi (神楽岡東陵) (Kyōto)
Issue
  • Prince Motoyoshi
  • Prince Motonaga
  • Prince Mototoshi
  • Princess Chōshi
  • Princess Genshi
  • Prince Motohira
  • Minamoto no Kiyokage
  • Minamoto no Kiyotō
  • Minamoto no Kiyomi
Posthumous name
Tsuigō:
Emperor Yōzei (陽成天皇)
HouseYamato
FatherEmperor Seiwa
MotherFujiwara no Takaiko

Emperor Yōzei (陽成天皇, Yōzei-

tennō, January 2, 869 – October 23, 949) was the 57th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]

Yōzei's reign spanned the years from 876 through 884.[3]

Traditional narrative

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[4] was Sadaakira Shinnō (貞明親王).[5]

Yōzei was the oldest son of Emperor Seiwa. His mother was the Empress Fujiwara no Takaiko, who was also known after Seiwa's abdication as the Nijō empress.[6] Yōzei's mother was the sister of Fujiwara no Mototsune, who would figure prominently in the young emperor's life.[7]

In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the Yōzei Genji (陽成源氏) are descended from the 57th emperor Yōzei.

Yōzei had nine Imperial children, born after he had abdicated.[8]

He is said to have suffered from mental instability after acceding to his position at a tender young age. He concentrated on waka during his later years. His famous waka expressed his growing love by superimposing the image of the flow of the river.[9]

Events of Yōzei's life

Yōzei was made emperor when he was an immature, unformed young boy.

According to very scanty information from the Imperial archives, including sources such as Rikkokushi, and Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, Emperor Yōzei murdered one of his retainers, an action that caused massive scandal in the Heian court. Japanese society during the Heian era was very sensitive to issues of "pollution," both spiritual and personal. Deaths (especially killing animals or people) were the worst acts of pollution possible, and warranted days of seclusion in order to purify oneself. Since the Emperor was seen as a divine figure and linked to the deities, pollution of such extreme degree committed by the highest source was seen as extremely ruinous. Many of the high court officials construed Emperor Yōzei's actions as exceeding the bounds of acceptable behavior, and as justifiable cause for the emperor to be forcibly deposed.

In

Daijō Daijin (Great Minister of the Council of State), decided that Yōzei should be removed from the throne, he discovered that there was general agreement amongst the kuge that this was a correct and necessary decision.[14]

Yōzei was succeeded by his father's uncle, Emperor Kōkō; and in the reign of Kōkō's son, Emperor Uda, the madness re-visited the tormented former emperor:

  • 889 (Kanpyō 1, 10th month): The former emperor Yōzei was newly attacked by the mental illness. Yōzei would enter the palace and address courtiers he would meet with the greatest rudeness. He became increasingly furious. He garroted women with the strings of musical instruments and then threw the bodies into a lake. While riding on horseback, he directed his mount to run over people. Sometimes he simply disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and Sika deer,[15] which in Shinto cosmology, were considered to be messengers of the kami.

Yōzei lived in retirement until the age of 80.[14]

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Yōzei, Kyoto

The actual site of Yōzei's

grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine
(misasagi) at Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Yōzei's mausoleum. It is formally named Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi.[16]

Kugyō

Meiji eras.[17]

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Yozei's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Yōzei's reign

The years of Yōzei's reign are more specifically identified by more than one

nengō.[7] During this time, the tradition of naming eras because of good omens changed. Instead, the name of an era might be chosen to limit the effects of something bad.[18]

Consorts and children

Consort (Hi): Imperial Princess Kanshin (簡子内親王) (d. 914), Emperor Kōkō's second daughter

Consort (Hi): Imperial Princess Yasuko (綏子内親王) (d. 925), Emperor Kōkō's third daughter

Consort (Hi): Princess Kyoko (姣子女王; d. 914), Imperial Prince Koretada's daughter

  • Imperial Prince Motonaga (元長親王; 901–976)
  • Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Mototoshi (元利親王; d. 964)
  • Imperial Princess Chōshi (長子内親王; d. 922)
  • Imperial Princess Genshi (儼子内親王; d. 930)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Tōnaga's daughter

  • Second Son: Imperial Prince Motoyoshi (元良親王)
  • Imperial Prince Motohira (元平親王; d. 958)

Court lady: daughter of Ki clan

  • First son: Minamoto no Kiyokage (源清蔭; 884–950), Dainagon 948–950

Court lady: Tomo Yasuhira's daughter

  • Minamoto no Kiyomi (源清鑒; d. 936)

Court lady: daughter of Saeki clan

  • Minamoto no Kiyotō (源清遠; d. 912)

Ancestry

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 陽成天皇 (57)
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 66–67.
  3. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 121–124; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 288–289; Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). Jinō Shōtōki, pp. 170–171.
  4. ^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  5. ^ Titsingh, p. 121; Varley, p. 170.
  6. ^ Varley, p. 170.
  7. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 121.
  8. ^ a b c d Brown, p. 288.
  9. ^ "小倉百人一首の全首を見る".
  10. ^ a b c d Titsingh, p. 122.
  11. ^ Titsingh, p. 122; Brown, p. 288; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 123–124.
  13. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 124.
  14. ^ a b Varley, p.171.
  15. ^ Titsingh, p. 127.
  16. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
  17. ^ Furugosho: Kugyō of Yozei-tennō. (in French)
  18. ^ Bialock, David T. (2007). Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority, p. 138.
  19. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

References

See also
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Emperor of Japan
:
Yōzei
876–884 		Succeeded by
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