European wild ass

Latin

Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus), the muzzle region of the skull is much shorter and somewhat proportionally wider, the palate is elongate, and the nasal notch is shorter. The teeth are relatively small compared to skull size, but are very hypsodont (high crowned). The shafts of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones are also more robust.^[1]

Danube river valley, the southern Italian Peninsula, southern France, and the southern Iberian Peninsula, until around 3500–2500 BC.^[2] It has been suggested that the Iberian Zebro, extinct in the wild from the 16th century, could correspond to the Equus hydruntinus,^[3] although the word "zebro" or "cebro" comes from Latin equiferus meaning 'wild horse'.^[4] Later research judged that it was unlikely that hydruntines persisted in the Iberian Peninsula beyond around 2500 BC.^[2] It likely survived later in West Asia, with reported dates in that region ranging until 1500–500 BC.^[2]

Khur than the Persian onager.^[7] However, study of the full mitochondral and nuclear genomes of specimens from Çatalhöyük and Çadır Höyük in Anatolia (present day Turkey) dating to the early-mid 1st millennium BC, which represent the youngest known remains of the species (with the youngest specimen dated to around 2698–2356 cal years Before Present, or around 748–406 cal years BC) , suggest that all living Asiatic wild ass lineages (sensu lato, including the kiang) are more closely related to each other than to E. hydruntinus, with the split between the two groups estimated at 0.8–1 million years ago. Analysis of the nuclear genome suggested that there had been gene flow during the Holocene from the hydruntine lineage into Middle Eastern Asiatic wild asses.^[8]

bovids). It is believed to have shared this habitat with species such as the woolly rhinoceros.^[1] It is considered an ecologically important part of the ecosystem known as mammoth steppe where it filled a niche equivalent to that provided by the African wild ass or Zebra in the African savanna.^[9] Dental wear analysis of specimens from the Iberian Peninsula suggests a primarily grazing diet, though they appear to have been flexible feeders, having seasonally consumed browse.^[10][11]

Neanderthals.^{[8][11][12][13]}