François Bozizé
François Bozizé | |
---|---|
Minister of Defense | |
In office ? – March 2003 | |
Personal details | |
Born | François Bozizé Yangouvonda 14 October 1946 Mouila, French Equatorial Africa (now Gabon) |
Political party | National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa" |
Spouse | Monique Bozizé |
Signature | |
François Bozizé Yangouvonda (born 14 October 1946)[2] is a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 2003 to 2013. He was the only Central African president born in modern-day Gabon.
Bozizé rose to become a high-ranking army officer in the 1970s, under the rule of
Bozizé's forces captured the capital,
In December 2012, the CAR was plunged into an
Early life and Kolingba's rule
Bozizé was born in the present-day nation of
Following Dacko's ouster by André Kolingba in September 1981, Bozizé was appointed Minister of Information, but fled to the north of the country with 100 soldiers after his involvement in a failed coup attempt led by Ange-Félix Patassé on 3 March 1982,[15] in which he accused Kolingba of treason and proclaimed the change of power on Radio Bangui.[16] He then obtained refuge in France.[17] Bozizé was arrested in Cotonou, Benin in July 1989, and imprisoned and tortured. He was put on trial by Kolingba on charges of helping the coup d'état in May but was acquitted on 24 September 1991 and released from prison on 1 December.[10][18] He then sought refuge in France,[12] where he remained for nearly two years.
Under pressure to democratize the government during the 1980s, Kolingba had formed a political party and held a referendum, in which he was elected to a six-year term in office as president. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, internal and external pressures eventually forced Kolingba to adopt the beginnings of a democratic approach. In March 1991, he named Édouard Frank Prime Minister but allowed him virtually no power. He also established a commission to revise the constitution in order to promote pluralism.[citation needed]
As a result, the donor community severely restricted aid flows pending movement towards democracy putting the country into a vicious cycle in which it could not obtain the resources to pay for an election which would legitimize it sufficiently to obtain a flow of aid. When he was pressured by the international community, via a group of locally represented international donors called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN), including a very vocal and eloquent US ambassador to the Central African Republic, Daniel H. Simpson, to hold fair elections. They were assisted by the UN Electoral Assistance Unit and monitored by international observers in 1992 but a lot of the resources came from France. Kolingba had the 1992 election sabotaged as he discovered he was not expected to win the vote and so declared the election invalid getting the Constitutional Council cancel it. Under continued pressure from the donor group the election was rescheduled for September 1993.[19]
In the 1993 election, Bozizé ran for the presidency as an
Relations with Patassé
For many years Bozizé was considered a supporter of Patassé and helped him suppress army mutinies in 1996 and 1997. Bozizé was named the Armed Forces Chief of Staff. Bozizé showed no activity against Patassé and frequently crushed revolts against the president.[citation needed]
On 28 May 2001, a coup was attempted against Patassé
Fighting between government forces and Bozizé's rebels continued during 2002. From 25 to 31 October, his forces unsuccessfully attacked on the capital, Bangui; soldiers of the Congolese MLC, which again came to Patassé's aid, were accused of looting and rape.[28]
This period was marked by tensions between Chad and Patassé's government. Patassé's ruling party accused Chadian president Idriss Déby of destabilizing the Central African Republic by supporting Bozizé with men and equipment.[29]
2003 Coup d’etat and Presidency
On 15 March 2003, Bozizé finally succeeded in seizing power, with his forces entering Bangui unopposed. Patassé was returning from a meeting in Niger at the time, but could not land because Bozizé's forces controlled the airport.[30] Patassé took refuge in Cameroon and then Togo the next year.
On 23 March, Bozizé appointed Abel Goumba as Prime Minister.[31] In December, he made Goumba Vice-President and appointed Célestin Gaombalet in his place as Prime Minister.[32] Bozizé suspended the country's 1995 constitution after seizing power, and a new constitution, reportedly similar to the old one, was approved by voters in a referendum on 5 December 2004.[33] After seizing power, Bozizé initially said he would not run in a planned future presidential election, but after the successful constitutional referendum, he announced his intention to stand as a candidate on 11 December:
- After thinking thoroughly, and being deeply convinced and keeping in mind the nation's interest, I grasped the deep sense of my people's calls. As a citizen, I'll take my responsibility.
- I'll contest the election to achieve the task of rebuilding the country, which is dear to me and according to your wish.[10]
After Bozizé seized power, the Central African Republic Bush War began with the rebellion by the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR), led by Michel Djotodia.[34] This quickly escalated into major fighting during 2004.[35] The UFDR rebel forces consisted of five allies, the Groupe d'action patriotique pour la liberation[36] de Centrafrique (GAPLC), the Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), the People's Army for the Restoration of Democracy (APRD), the Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice[37] (MLCJ), and the Front démocratique Centrafricain (FDC).[38]
In December 2004, a constitution was approved in a referendum which would allow a semi presidential system and a two term limit.[39]
That same month on 30 December 2004, Bozizé was one of five candidates approved to run in
Bozizé placed first in the 13 March election, taking just under 43% of the vote according to official results.[43] He faced Patassé's last prime minister, Martin Ziguélé, in a second round of voting; this was held on 8 May and according to official results announced on 24 May, he won with 64.6% of the vote.[44] He was sworn in on 11 June.[45]
The National Assembly authorized Bozizé to rule by decree for three months, from 1 January to 31 March 2006; his Prime Minister, Élie Doté, said that this period of rule by decree was successful, enabling Bozizé to take measures to streamline the civil service.[46]
In addition to being president, Bozizé has been Minister of National Defense since taking power. At the end of the transitional period, he retained the defense portfolio when he appointed a new government under Doté in June 2005,[47] and he also kept it in a September 2006 cabinet reshuffle.[48]
In early 2006, Bozizé's government appeared stable. However, Patassé, who was living in exile in Togo, could not be ruled out as a leader of a future uprising. His supporters reportedly were joining or were prepared to join rebel movements in belief that their leader was still the rightful head of state of the country. Further, members of Kolingba's Yakoma tribe in the south posed a potential threat to Bozizé's government because of their widespread boycott of the second round of the legislative elections. Members of the Yakoma dominate the army. On 13 April 2007, a peace agreement between the government and the UFDR was signed in Birao. The agreement provided for an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the army.[49][50] Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government, and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.[51] The new unity government that resulted was formed in January 2009.[52]
Facing a general strike over wage arrears for civil servants in January 2008,[53] Bozizé appointed a new government headed by Faustin-Archange Touadéra, an academic figure who was politically unknown. In that government he kept the defense portfolio, while also appointing his son Francis Bozizé to work under him as Minister-Delegate. Bozizé's sister, Yvonne M'Boïssona, who had been Minister of Tourism, was reappointed to the government as Minister of Water, Forests, Hunting, Fishing, and the Environment.[53] His nephew, Sylvain Ndoutingai, served as Minister of State of Mines, Energy, and Water Resources.[citation needed]
In February 2010, Kolingba died in France. In early March, Bozizé presided over his burial ceremony in Bangui. The same week, Bozizé signed a presidential decree setting the date for the next presidential election which was to be held on 25 April 2010.[54]
The elections were first postponed to 16 May, and then indefinitely.[55] The parliament was asked to pass a change to the constitution allowing the President to continue its mandate until elections could be organized.[56] Some sources saw the delay in elections as a constitutional coup, and did not expect elections to take place anytime soon.[57] However, elections were held in January and March 2011. Bozizé and his party both won in the elections.
Central African Bush War
After Francois Bozizé took power in
On 17 April 2004,
During the first year, many parts of the country, and the
Between 2006 and 2007 President Francois Bozize was holding a national dialogue with rebel groups and political foes to try to end the fighting. He has signed peace pacts with two rebel groups but instability was rising.[59]
Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.[60]
During this war many were killed,houses burnt, villages destroyed and many others such as no drinking water. Around 10,000 people were displaced because of the civil unrest.[59]
In every case of rebellion, there are abuses, I cannot deny that, there are abuses.– François Bozizé[61]
National Development
Even though the
Foreign Relations
Chad
In April 2006,
Civil War leadership
On 10 December 2012, the
On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in
By 22 March, however, the rebels had renewed their advance, accusing Bozizé of failing to honor the January ceasefire agreement. They took towns throughout the Central African Republic, including Damara and Bossangoa. They advanced to within 22 kilometers of Bangui,[68] but were halted with an aerial assault from an attack helicopter.[69] However, Nelson N'Djadder, presumed spokesman for the rebels, claimed that they shot down the helicopter.[70]
On 24 March, rebel forces heavily attacked Bangui and took control of major structures, including the presidential palace. Bozizé's family fled across the river to the Democratic Republic of the Congo[71] and then to Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, where he was granted temporary refuge.[72] Subsequently, he requested that Benin grant him political asylum.[73]
First exile and elections
Bozizé was forced to flee the country after being overthrown in a
At the end of 2019 Bozizé returned to CAR and announced his presidential candidacy for
On 22 September 2023, Bozizé was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment with hard labor by the Bangui Court of Appeal for unspecified crimes.[83]
Notes
- ^ Bradshaw & Fandos-Rius 2016, p. 313.
- ISBN 978-1-61535-329-3.
- ^ Lydia Polgreen (25 March 2013). "Leader of Central African Republic Fled to Cameroon, Official Says". The New York Times.
- British Broadcasting Corporation (24 March 2013). "Central African Republic: President Bozize flees Bangui". BBC.
- ^ "Centrafrique: Bozizé au Cameroun". lefigaro.fr. Le Figaro. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "Centrafrique : Paris envoie 300 soldats en renfort après la fuite de Bozizé". Le Monde.fr (in French). 24 March 2013.
- ^ "Looting and gunfire in captured CAR capital". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "CAR issues arrest warrant for ex-president". aljazeera. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "RCA: François Bozizé visé par un mandat d'arrêt international". rfi.fr. RFI. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Bozize to contest presidency as an independent candidate". IRIN. 13 December 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
- ^ Titley 1997, p. 44
- ^ a b Kalck 2005, p. 33
- ^ Kalck 2005, p. 7
- ^ "Le général Bozizé couronné président". liberation.fr. Libération. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Kalck 2005, p. 8
- ^ Kalck 2005, p. xxxix
- ^ Kalck 2005, p. xl.
- ISBN 9781857432541.
- ^ Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 1502
- ^ Rapport de la Mission Exploratoire en vue des Elections Presidentielles et Legislatives du 22 aout 1993 (PDF) (in French), Le Conseil Permanent de la Francophonie, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2008, retrieved 15 August 2008
- ^ Central African Republic: parliamentary elections Assemblée nationale, 1993, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 11 January 2007, retrieved 15 August 2008
- ISSN 1045-5736
- ^ "Situation “confused” after apparent coup attempt", IRINnews.org, 28 May 2001.
- ^ "Patasse government back in control", IRINnews.org, 4 June 2001.
- ^ "Rebel general, overpowered, flees", IRINnews.org, 8 November 2001.
- ^ "Regional efforts underway to calm tensions", IRINnews.org, 28 November 2001.
- ^ Mehler 2005, p. 146.
- ^ "UN to investigate October rights abuses", IRINnews.org, 11 November 2002.
- ^ "Ruling party accuses Chad of backing coup attempt", IRINnews.org, 5 November 2002.
- ^ "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution", IRINnews.org 17 March 2003.
- ^ "Bozize appoints prime minister", IRINnews.org, 24 March 2003.
- ^ "New premier forms government, Goumba appointed VP", IRINnews.org, 15 December 2003.
- ^ "New constitution adopted, 15 to vie for presidency", IRINnews.org, 20 December 2004.
- ^ Hancock, Stephanie (30 August 2007). "Feature - Bush war leaves Central African villages deserted". ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Raid on CAR town 'leaves 20 dead'". BBC News. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ Béa, Bertin. "Centrafrique : Arrêté pour troubles à l'ordre public, un proche de Bozizé libéré de force par des partisans". koaci. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ Duhem, Vincent. "Centrafrique : évasion spectaculaire du secrétaire général du parti de François Bozizé". jeuneafrique. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- AllAfrica.com. IRIN. 2 November 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Central African Republic profile". BBC News. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Court clears five to run for president", IRINnews.org, 31 December 2004.
- ^ "Bozize repeals court ban on some presidential candidates", IRINnews.org, 5 January 2005.
- ^ "Election postponed, but most banned candidates can now run", IRINnews.org, 25 January 2005.
- ^ "Two to face off in second round of presidential poll", IRINnews.org, 1 April 2005.
- ^ "Incumbent wins presidency", IRINnews.org, 24 May 2005.
- ^ "Central Africa Gets Chief", Agence France-Presse, 11 June 2005.
- ^ "Prime minister declares rule by decree a success", IRINnews.org, 9 June 2006.
- ^ "Newly-appointed premier names cabinet", IRINnews.org, 21 June 2005.
- ^ "Nouveau gouvernement" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, fodem.org, 3 September 2006. (in French)
- AllAfrica.com. IRIN. 13 November 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Central African Republic, rebels sign peace deal". USA Today. Associated Press. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "CAR president dissolves government, vows unity". Taipei Times. Agence France-Presse. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Touadera names rebels in new Central African Republic govt". Agence France-Presse. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Central African leader names son in new government", Reuters (AlertNet), 28 January 2008.
- ^ "Central African Republic to hold April 25 elections". Reuters. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
- ^ "Bozizé prend ses précautions". Jeuneafrique.com.
- ^ "Les députés prorogent le mandat simultané du Président de la République et des députés pour un délai indéterminé". Acap-cf.info.
- ^ "RCA : Du projet de loi constitutionnelle par Me ZARAMBAUD Assingambi – centrafrique-presse" (in French). Centrafrique-presse.over-blog.com.
- ^ a b US State Department (September 2005). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 86. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b "Feature - Bush war leaves Central African villages deserted - Central African Republic | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "AFP: Central African Republic president dissolves government". 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ Melander, Ingrid (26 October 2007). "CAR president admits rights abuses by gov't forces". Brussels. Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ^ "Central African Republic - Francois Bozize". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Sudan Issue Brief" (PDF). Sudan Issue Brief. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Heavy fighting in northern CAR, many flee: military". Bangui, CAR. Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "CAR leader appeals for help to halt rebel advance (The Daily Star Lebanon)". The Daily Star. Lebanon. 28 December 2012.
- ^ Sayare, Scott (11 January 2013). "Rebel Coalition in Central African Republic Agrees to a Short Cease-Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ Patrick Fort, "Tiangaye named Central African PM, says 'hard work' begins", Agence France-Presse, 17 January 2013.
- ^ "UN warns CAR rebels to halt march on capital – Africa". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Central African Republic forces 'halt rebel advance'". BBC. 22 March 2013.
- ^ "Rebels capture Central African Republic capital, president flees – Yahoo!! News". Yahoo! News.
- ^ "Central African Republic capital falls to rebels, Bozizé flees". Reuters. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ^ "CAR president seeks refuge in Cameroon - Africa". Al Jazeera English. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ "Bozize seeks asylum in Benin: minister", Agence France-Presse, 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Ex-CAR President Francois Bozize 'returns home' from exile". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Centrafrique: Bozizé au Cameroun". LEFIGARO (in French). 25 March 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "CAR issues arrest warrant for ex-president". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Exiled Central African leader Bozize to stand at election", Reuters, 10 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Renewed unrest in C.Africa after presidential candidates announced", Agence France-Presse, 8 December 2015.
- ^ a b c "Présidentielle en RCA: les soutiens de Bozizé accusent la France", Radio France Internationale, 9 December 2015 (in French).
- ^ "Deposed former Central African Republic ruler Bozize barred from elections", Reuters, 8 December 2015.
- ^ CAR court rejects ex-president Bozize’s election candidacy
- ^ "François Bozizé: CAR former president denies 'attempted coup'". BBC. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Central African Republic sentences ex-president Bozizé to life imprisonment". Africanews. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
References
- OCLC 41649745
- Aractingi, Jean-Marc (2006), La Politique à mes trousses (Politics at my heels), Paris: Editions l'Harmattan, Central Africa Chapter, ISBN 978-2-296-00469-6
- Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. ISBN 978-0-810-87992-8.
- Kalck, Pierre (2005), Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd English ed.), Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4913-5
- Mehler, Andreas (2005), "The Shaky Foundations, Adverse Circumstances, and Limited Achievements of Democratic Transition in the Central African Republic", in Villalón, Leonardo Alfonso; VonDoepp, Peter (eds.), The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions, Bloomington, Indiana: OCLC 57414663
- Titley, Brian (1997), Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1602-6