Darfur

Coordinates: 13°00′N 25°00′E / 13.000°N 25.000°E / 13.000; 25.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Darfour" redirects here. For people with the name, see Darfour (surname).
For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation).

Darfur Region
دار فور
Flag of Darfur
Flag
Coat of arms of Darfur
Coat of arms
Minni Minawi[1]
Area
• Total
493,180 km2 (190,420 sq mi)
Population
• 2018 estimate
11,772,520[2][3]
• Density
18.7/km2 (48.4/sq mi)
CurrencySudanese pound
Time zoneUTC+2:00 (CAT)
Website
Official website

Darfur (

Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916.[4] As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.[5]

The first historical mention of the word Fur occurs in 1664 in the account by J. M. Vansleb, a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt (Petermann (1862-3). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II). It is claimed that, like sūdān, fūr means "blacks", and was the name given by the early light-colored Berber sultans of Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, Fūr.[6]

Geography

Deriba Crater is at the highest point of the Marrah Mountains
Overland trucks en route near Jebel Marra, 2019

Darfur covers an area of 493,180 square kilometers (190,420 sq mi),

Nyala
.

There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with

Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.[citation needed
]

Remote sensing has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at 49,500 km2 (19,110 sq mi). The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about 2,500 km3 (600 cubic miles) of water.[12] It may have dried up thousands of years ago.[13]

History

Main article: History of Darfur
Flag of the rebel Sudan Liberation Movement/Army

Most of the region consists of a

Sebehr Rahma, a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to ivory in Bahr el Ghazal
to the south of Darfur.

The Darfuris were restive under

Ta’isha tribe, demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the defeat of Abdallahi at Omdurman in 1899 by an Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force, the new Anglo-Egyptian government
recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute.

In 1916, after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government, an expedition was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored.[4] K. D. D. Henderson was the last British governor of Darfur.[14]

Under Sudanese rule

See also: War in Darfur
Camp of Darfuris internally displaced by the ongoing War in Darfur.
A village in South Darfur
A villager in Darfur, Sudan, crosses the overflowing stream.
Sudanese children in an IDP camp in Darfur.

A pattern of skewed

Darfur conflict, in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. In March 2004, human-rights groups and the UN[16] came to regard the conflict as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world.[16] Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the Khartoum government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as the Darfur genocide.[17] "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps."[18] Over 2.8 million people have become displaced since 2003, many of whom were children (see Lost Boys of Sudan). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where emergency aid has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region.[4]

Nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only some non-governmental organizations continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. As of 2015[update] the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of

peacekeeping force, which is the largest in the world.[19] Other UN agencies (such as the WFP) might exit.[20]

During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp, Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp's inhabitants.[21]

Peace process

Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)

War in Darfur
Combatants
Other articles
  • Bibliography

The

President of Sudan and Chairman of the transitional authority in 2007.[citation needed
]

Doha Agreement

In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement, an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year,[22] started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha, Qatar. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur, was formed and the Justice and Equality Movement planned further talks.[23] The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.[24][25]

In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Tijani Sese, stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint-mediators in Doha; the proposals included a $300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human-rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period.[26][27] In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.[28]

On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.[29] Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.[30] On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.[31]

At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new

Darfur Regional Authority, to oversee Darfur as a whole.[33] The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.[34] The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished.[citation needed
]

2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)

A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities.[35]

However, further tribal clashes have continued during 2021.

Languages

Languages of Darfur include

Fulfulde), Fur (thus the name of the region), Masalit, Sinyar, Tama, Midob, and Zaghawa
.

Other than Fur, the following languages are spoken in Darfur according to Ethnologue.[36]

Government

Main article: Darfur Regional Government

The region is divided into five

Minni Minawi as Regional Governor.[1]

Demographics and economy

In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5 million.[40] This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3 million).[40] 52% are aged 16 years or younger.[40]

Darfur's budget was US$286 million in 2008.[40]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darfur.

References

  1. ^ a b "Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur". 10 August 2021.
  2. ^ "City Population in Sudan". Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Sub-national Population Projections of Sudan and Age-Sex Composition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8
  5. ^ Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." Ethnologia Actualis 1.14 (2014): 37-59.
  6. ^ a b Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press. P.214.
  7. ^ "Sudan's Geography". Globaldreamers.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  8. ^ R. S. O'Fahey (2004-05-15). "Darfur: A complex ethnic reality with a long history". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  9. ^ "Congressional Reps Give Update on Troubled Darfur Region of Sudan". Pbs.org. 2005-02-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-19. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  10. ^ "Quick guide: Darfur - BBC News, 2006-09-06". BBC News. 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  11. ^ "Africa Ultra-Prominences". Peaklist.org. 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  12. ^ Tanzina Vega, "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist", Reuters, July 18, 2007
  13. ^ Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up', BBC, July 20, 2007
  14. ^ Dally, M. W. (2010). Darfur's sorrow: the forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster. p. 173.
  15. ^ Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." Review of African Political Economy 33.109 (2006): 467-482. online
  16. ^ a b Un.org
  17. ^ Mayroz, E. (2019). "Reluctant Interveners: America's Failed Responses to Genocide from Bosnia to Darfur". Genocide Studies and Prevention. Rutgers University Press. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  18. ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8
  19. ^ Un.org
  20. ^ Brendan Bromwich, and Margie Buchanan-Smith. "Preparing for peace: An analysis of Darfur, Sudan." in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. Governance, Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Routledge, 2016). 183-206.
  21. ^ "Calais 'Jungle': Migrants hit dead end in journey to UK". .. among those fleeing Darfur, Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Eritrea and other zones of conflict or poverty.
  22. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Darfur new rebel group announces formation of its structure - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  23. ^ "Sudan Peace Watch-December 21, 2010 | Enough". Enoughproject.org. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  24. ^ "Sudanese government, LJM rebels to sign a peace accord on 19 December - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  25. ^ "Mediators propose Darfur Authority, announce major diplomatic effort | Radio Dabanga". 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  26. ^ "DOHA: Darfur peace proposals accepted by LJM rebel coalition | Radio Dabanga". 195.190.28.213. 2011-07-09. Archived from the original on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  27. ^ "Alliance of rebel factions agrees to Darfur peace deal". Monsters and Critics. 2011-01-03. Archived from the original on 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  28. ^ "Sudan Human Rights Information Gateway (SHRIG) - Office of VP must meet National standards, says El Haj Adam". SHRIG. 2011-02-07. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  29. ^ Stephen Kinzer (2010-01-24). "End human rights imperialism now". Sudanjem.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  30. ^ "Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha | Radio Dabanga". 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  31. ^ "Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal | Radio dabanga". 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  32. ^ "Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum". Radio Dabanga. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  33. ^ "Sudantribune.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  34. ^ "Darfur peace agreement to be signed on 14 July - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  35. ^ "Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur". Al Jazeera. 31 August 2020.
  36. ^ Languages of Sudan. Ethnologue, 22nd edition.
  37. ^ a b "Sudan Tribune". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  38. ^ "Darfur referendum: 'States option' wins by a landslide". 23 April 2016.
  39. ^ "Darfur votes for five-state status quo: Referendum chief".
  40. ^ a b c d "Beyond Emergency Relief: Longer-term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 11 January 2014.

Bibliography

External links

13°00′N 25°00′E / 13.000°N 25.000°E / 13.000; 25.000

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