Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada, and the United States. Several of Freud's descendants and relatives have become well known in different fields.
Freud's parents and siblings
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg in Mähren, in what then was the Austrian Empire (now called Příbor and in the Czech Republic).[1][2] He was the eldest child of Jacob Freud (1815–1896),[3] a wool merchant, and his third wife, Amalia Nathansohn (1835–1930). Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, then part of the Austrian Partition of Poland called the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (now called Tysmenytsia and in Ukraine), the eldest child of Schlomo and Peppi (Pessel), née Hoffmann, Freud.[1][4] His two brothers, Abae (c1815-c1885) and Josef (1825-1897), had difficulties that concerned the family, the former because of his mentally incapacitated children, the latter because his business dealings came under criminal investigation.[5]
Jacob Freud had two surviving children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner (1829–1852):
- Emanuel (1833–1914)
- Philipp (1836–1911)
Jacob's second marriage (1852–1855) to Rebecca (family of origin uncertain) was childless.
Amalia Freud was the daughter of Jacob Nathansohn (1805–1865), great-grandson of Rabbi
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- Sigmund (birth name Sigismund Schlomo; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)
- Julius (October 1857 – 15 April 1858)
- Anna (31 December 1858[9] – 11 March 1955)
- Regina Debora (nickname Rosa; 21 March 1860 – 1942)
- Marie (nickname Mitzi; 22 March 1861 – 1942)
- Esther Adolfine (nickname Dolfi; 23 July 1862 – 1942)
- Pauline Regine (nickname Pauli; 3 May 1864 – 1943)
- Alexander Gotthold Ephraim (19 April 1866 – 23 April 1943)
Julius Freud died in infancy.
Anna married Eli Bernays (1860–1921), the elder brother of Sigmund's wife
Rosa (Regina Deborah Graf-Freud) married a lawyer, Heinrich Graf (1852–1908). Their son, Hermann (1897–1917) was killed in the
Mitzi (Marie Freud) married her cousin Moritz Freud (1857–1922). There were three daughters: Margarethe (1887–1981), Lily (1888–1970), Martha (1892–1930) and one son, Theodor (1904–1923) who died in a drowning accident.
Dolfi (Esther Adolfine Freud) did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. In July 1942 Dolfi was transported from Vienna to the
Pauli (Pauline Regine Winternitz-Freud) married Valentine Winternitz (1859–1900) and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice (1896–1969) was born. After the death of her husband she and her daughter returned to Europe.
Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber (1878–1970). They fled the Nazi regime in Austria with their son, Harry (1909–1968), and emigrated to Canada. Harry subsequently emigrated to the United States where he married Leli Margaret Horn.[16]
Both Freud's half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860.
Emanuel Freud married Maria Milow (1836–1923) in Freiberg where their first two children were born: John (b. 1856, disappeared pre-1919), the "inseparable playmate" of Freud's early childhood;[17] and Pauline (1855–1944). Their other children were born in Manchester: Matilda (1862–1868), Harriet (1865–1868), Bertha (1866–1940), Henrietta (1866 infant death) and Soloman (1870–1945, known as Sam). None of the children married.
Philipp Freud married Bloomah Frankel (b. 1845
Freud visited his half-brothers and their families in England twice, in 1875 while still a student, and again in 1908.[19] He kept in touch through a regular correspondence with Sam Freud. They would eventually meet again in London in 1938.[20]
Persecution and emigration
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The systematic persecution of Jews by Nazi Germany and the ensuing
Freud and his remaining family left Nazi-occupied Vienna in 1938 after
Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, was the first to leave for London early in May 1938. She was followed by his son, Martin, on 14 May and then by his daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May. Freud, his wife and daughter, Anna, left Vienna on 4 June on the Orient Express, accompanied by their housekeeper Paula Fichtl and Dr Josephine Stross. Stross was a late replacement as medical supervisor for Freud, summoned after his physician Max Schur became incapacitated by appendicitis. They arrived in Paris the following day, staying at the home of Marie Bonaparte before boarding the night train to London via Calais.[24] Their arrival at Victoria Station on the morning of 6 June attracted widespread press coverage.[25] Freud's architect son, Ernst, arranged temporary accommodation for the Freuds in north London at 39 Elsworthy Road before the new family home was established in Hampstead at 20 Maresfield Gardens in September 1938. Ernst designed modifications of the building including the installation of an electric lift. The study and library areas were arranged to create the atmosphere and visual impression of Freud's Vienna consulting rooms.[26]
The war years
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After Sigmund Freud's death in 1939, Martha and Anna Freud made their home available to relatives and friends fleeing the Nazi occupation of Europe.[27] In 1941, following the death of Martha's sister, Minna, Dorothy Burlingham (1891–1979) became a permanent member of the household. From their first meeting in Vienna in 1925, Anna and Dorothy developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those of lesbians", although Anna "categorically denied the existence of a sexual relationship".[28] Dorothy had been a patient of Freud's and her four children, Bob, Mary (Mabbie), Katrina, and Michael, were among the first of Anna's after she had begun her own psychoanalytic practice. During and after the war they collaborated in establishing the Hampstead War Nursery that provided therapy and residential care for children whose lives had been disrupted by the war. Their work laid the foundations for the post-war Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic, founded in 1952 (later renamed the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families).[29]
Martin and Walter Freud were both interned in 1940 as enemy aliens. Following a change in government policy on internment, both were subsequently recruited to the Pioneer Corps. After the war, denied recognition as a (Vienna-trained) lawyer by the British legal profession, Martin Freud ran a tobacconist shop in Bloomsbury.[30] His autobiographical memoir of Freud family life in Vienna, Glory Reflected: Sigmund Freud - the Man and Father, was published in 1957.[31] His sister, Mathilde Höllischer, opened 'Robell', a women's fashion store on Baker Street.[32]
Walter Freud was deported to an internment camp in New South Wales, Australia. On his return to England in 1941 he was recruited to the Pioneer Corps and subsequently to the SOE. In April 1945 he was parachuted behind enemy lines in Austria. Advised to change his name in case of capture, he refused, declaring : "I want the Germans to know a Freud is coming back". He narrowly survived separation from his comrades and took the leading role in securing the surrender of the strategically important Zeltweg aerodrome in southern Austria.[33] When the war ended he was assigned to war crimes investigation work in Germany. Given the fate of his great aunts and maternal grandmother at the hands of the Nazis, he was particularly pleased to help secure the prosecution of directors of the firm that supplied Zyklon B gas to the concentration camps, two of whom were executed for war crimes. In 1946, he left the army with the rank of major. The following year he was granted British citizenship and resumed a career as an industrial chemist.[34]
Retribution for the murder of his aunts was also a concern for Alexander Freud's son, Harry. He arrived in post-war Vienna as a U.S. army officer to investigate the circumstances of their deportation and helped track down and bring before the courts Anton Sauerwald, the Nazi commissar charged with the supervision of the Freuds' assets. Sauerwald gained early release from prison in 1947 when, at the request of his wife, Anna Freud intervened on his behalf, revealing that he had, by concealing evidence of Freud's Swiss bank account, "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father".[35]
After the war Ernst resumed his architectural practice, Stephan worked in publishing and subsequently ran a hardware store near Baker Street,[38] Lucian became well known as an artist, Clement as a broadcaster, journalist and MP. Ernst took over management of the copyright negotiations for the publishing of his father's works and, after retiring from his architectural practice, he worked on arrangements for publishing his father's voluminous correspondence in collaboration with Anna Freud.[39] In accordance with Freud's wishes his grandchildren were the beneficiaries of royalties from his published works. Ernst Freud had also begun the adoption of the Suffolk seaside village of Walberswick as a favoured holiday destination for the Freuds, purchasing and renovating a property there in 1938.[40] A succession of Freuds purchased holiday homes there, including Anna and Clement Freud, his daughter Emma Freud and her cousin Esther Freud.
Sigmund Freud's children and descendants
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Sigmund Freud married Martha Bernays (1861–1951) in 1886. Martha was born in Hamburg, the daughter of Berman Bernays (1826–1879), a businessman, and Emmeline Philipp (1830–1910). Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays (1792–1849), was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg. Two of her uncles were prominent academics: Jakob Bernays (1824–1881) was a professor of classics at the University of Bonn; Michael Bernays (1834–1897) was a professor of German literature at the University of Munich. In 1869, the Bernays family moved to Vienna where Berman Bernays became secretary to the economist Lorenz von Stein. After his sudden death in 1879, his post was taken over by his son Eli while Martha and her mother moved back to Hamburg.[41] In 1883, Eli married Freud's oldest sister Anna. Martha's sister, Minna Bernays (1865–1941), became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé in 1895.
Sigmund and Martha Freud had six children and eight grandchildren:[8]
- Mathilde Freud (1887–1978) married Robert Hollitscher (1875–1959), and had no children
- Jean-Martin Freud (1889–1967, known as Martin Freud) married Ernestine (Esti) Drucker (1896–1980), and had two children:
- Anton Walter Freud (1921–2004) married Annette Krarup (1925–2000) and had three children[42]
- David Freud(born 1950, later Lord Freud), married Cilla Dickinson and had three children:
- Andrew Freud
- Emily Freud
- Juliet Freud
- Ida Freud (born 1952), married M. Fairbairn
- Caroline Freud (born 1955), married L. Penney
- Sophie Freud (1924–2022), married Paul Loewenstein (1921–1992) and had three children:[43][44]
- Andrea Freud Loewenstein
- Dania Loewenstein, married S. Jekel
- George Loewenstein
- Anton Walter Freud (1921–2004) married Annette Krarup (1925–2000) and had three children[42]
- Oliver Freud (1891–1969), married (i) Ella Haim; (ii) Henny Fuchs (1892–1971). From his marriage to Henny Fuchs he had one child:
- Eva Freud (1924–1944)
- Ernst L. Freud (1892–1970), married Lucie Brasch (1896–1989), and had three children:
- Stephan Gabriel Freud (1921–2015, known as Stephen Freud)[45] married (i) Lois Blake (born 1924); (ii) Christine Ann Potter (born 1927). From his marriage to Lois Blake he had one child:
- Dorothy Freud
- Jacquetta Eliot, Countess of St. Germans and one by Celia Paul. His children include:[46]
- Annie Freud (born 1948)
- Annabel Freud (born 1952)
- Alexander Boyt (born 1957)
- Jane McAdam Freud (1958–2022)
- Paul McAdam Freud (born 1959)
- Rose Boyt (born 1959), married Mark Pearce; two children
- Lucy McAdam Freud (born 1961), married Peter Everett; two children
- Bella Freud (born 1961), married James Fox; one child
- Isobel Boyt (born 1961)
- Esther Freud (born 1963), married David Morrissey; three children: Anna, Albie and Gene [47]
- David McAdam Freud (born 1964), four children, partner of Debbi Mason
- Susie Boyt (born 1969), married to Tom Astor; two children
- Francis Michael Eliot (born 1971)
- Frank Paul (born 1984), three children
- Clemens Rafael Freud (1924–2009, later Sir Clement Raphael Freud), married June Flewett (stage name Jill Raymond)[48] in 1950 and had five children:[49]
- Nicola Freud, married to Richard Allen, had five children:
- Tom Freud (born 1973)[50]
- Jack Freud (born 1980), married to Kate Melhuish
- Martha Freud (born 1983), partner of Adam Smith
- Max Freud (born 1986)
- Harry Freud (born 1986)
- Dominic Freud (born 1956), married Patty Freud, and had three children.
- Emma Freud (born 1962), partner of Richard Curtis, and had four children, including Scarlett Curtis.
- Matthew Freud (born 1963), married: (i) Caroline Hutton, and had two children; (ii) Elisabeth Murdoch, and had two children
- Ashley Freud (adopted nephew)[51]
- Nicola Freud, married to Richard Allen, had five children:
- Stephan Gabriel Freud (1921–2015, known as Stephen Freud)[45] married (i) Lois Blake (born 1924); (ii) Christine Ann Potter (born 1927). From his marriage to Lois Blake he had one child:
- Sophie Freud (1893–1920, died in the inter-war influenza epidemic), married Max Halberstadt (1882–1940), and had two children:
- Ernst Halberstadt (1914–2008, also known as Ernest Freud)[52] married Irene Chambers (born 1920), and had one child:
- Colin Peter Freud (1956–1987)
- Heinz Halberstadt (1918–1923, also known as Heinele, died from tuberculosis)
- Ernst Halberstadt (1914–2008, also known as Ernest Freud)[52] married Irene Chambers (born 1920), and had one child:
- Anna Freud (1895–1982)
See also
- Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium), where Sigmund Freud and many members of his family are buried
References
- ^ a b c "Sigmund Freud's Birth Record". digi.archives.cz. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ Gresser, Moshe (1994). Dual Allegiance: Freud As a Modern Jew. SUNY Press. p. 225.
- ^ Hergenhahn, B. R. (2005). An introduction to the history of psychology. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 475.
- ^ Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016). Freud: In His Time and Ours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 581.
- ^ Jones 1953, p. 4
- ^ "Johann Jacob Nathansohn". geni_family_tree. 1805. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
- ^ Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016). Freud: In His Time and Ours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 560.
- ^ a b Clark 1980, pp. 1–2
- ^ "Anna Freud's Birth Record". digi.archives.cz. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ^ a b c d Benveniste, Daniel (2015) The Interwoven Lives of Sigmund, Anna and W. Ernest Freud: Three Generations of Psychoanalysis IPBooks.net. Kindle Edition pp. 279-81
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, pp. 96, 194
- IMDb
- ^ Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016), Freud: In His Time and Ours Harvard University Press, p. 415
- ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 205–207, 233
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, pp. 193, 400
- ^ "Register of Harry Freud's papers" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ Jones 1953, p. 9
- ^ Ferris, Paul Dr Freud: A Life, London: Sinclair-Stevenson 1975, pp. 243–44.
- ^ Clark 1980, pp. 36, 252
- ^ Cohen 2009, p. 176
- ^ Benveniste, Daniel (2015) The Interwoven Lives of Sigmund, Anna, and W. Ernest Freud: Three Generations of Psychoanalysis IPBooks.net. Kindle Edition pp. 279-81
- ^ Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016), Freud: In His Time and Ours Harvard University Press, p. 401
- ^ Fry 2009, p. 176
- ^ Benveniste, Daniel (2015) The Interwoven Lives of Sigmund, Anna, and W. Ernest Freud: Three Generations of Psychoanalysis New York: IPBooks
- ^ Fry 2009, p. 93
- ISBN 978-0-85745-233-7.
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, p. 280
- ^ Roudinesco (2016), p. 249
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, pp. 246–50
- ^ Fry 2009, p. 192
- ^ Martin Freud, Glory Reflected: Sigmund Freud - the Man and Father, London: Angus and Robertson, 1957.
- ISBN 978-0-85745-233-7.
- ^ Fry 2009, pp. 143, 161–65
- ^ Fry 2009, pp. 173–76, 189
- ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 2, 213
- ^ Feaver, William (2018) The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol I. London: Bloomsbury. p.63
- ^ Feaver, William (2018). The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.1. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 122–30.
- ^ Lusher, Adam (18 July 2008). "I am the forgotten Freud, says brother of Sir Clement Freud and Lucian Freud". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, pp. 352
- ^ Young-Bruehl 2008, pp. 287
- ^ Jones 1953, p. 112
- ^ "Walter Freud obituary". The Guardian. 9 March 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
- Boston Globe. Archived from the originalon 21 June 2002.
- ^ "Freud's offspring lead noted lives". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ Adam Lusher (12 July 2008). "Stephen Freud Interview". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ "My life as Lucian Freud's love child". Daily Telegraph. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ McLeod, Pauline (12 August 2000). "Edge of Madness". The Times (Times Newspapers): p. 4 (Metro section).
- IMDb
- ^ "Meet the Freuds". Evening Standard. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ "People, Jun. 10, 1974". Time. 10 June 1974. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ "A multi-talented miserabilist". Daily Express. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
- ^ Benveniste, Daniel (December 2008). "Obituary: W. Ernest Freud (1914–2008)" (PDF). International Psychoanalysis. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
Bibliography
- Benveniste, Daniel (2015) The Interwoven Lives of Sigmund, Anna, and W. Ernest Freud: Three Generations of Psychoanalysis New York: IPBooks
- Clark, Ronald W. (1980). Freud: the Man and His Cause. London: Jonathan Cape.
- Cohen, David (2009). The Escape of Sigmund Freud. London: JR Books.
- Feaver, William (2018). The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.1. London: Bloomsbury.
- Fry, Helen (2009). Freuds' War. Stroud: The History Press.
- Jones, Ernest (1953). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work: Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900. London: Hogarth Press.
- Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016). Freud: In His Time and Ours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Welter, Volker (2012). Ernst L. Freud, Architect. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-233-7.
- Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth (2008). Anna Freud. Yale University Press.
External links
- Maria Helena Rowell: Sigmund Freud and his Family at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)
- Sigmund Freud and his Family on Rodovid