GM Family II engine
Family II engine | |
---|---|
Family 1 engine (1.6 – 1.8 L) |
The Family II is a
The Family II shares its basic design and architecture with the smaller Family I engine (which covered capacities from 1.0 to 1.6 litres) - and for this reason the Family I and Family II engines are also known informally as the "small block" and "big block", respectively - although the 1.6 L capacity was available in either type depending on its fuelling system.
The engine also spawned two diesel variants, the 1.6 L and 1.7 L.
The engine features a cast iron block, an aluminium head, and a timing belt driven valvetrain. The timing belt also drives the water pump. It was first used in the
Family II engines for the European and Australasian markets were manufactured by Holden at its Fisherman's Bend plant in Melbourne until 2009, whilst the Americas were supplied from the São José dos Campos plant in the São Paulo region of Brazil.
By 1986, the Family II unit had almost completely replaced the CIH engine as Opel/Vauxhall's core 4-cylinder engine - the CIH continuing only in 2.4L 4-cylinder format, and in all 6-cylinder applications in the Omega and Senator models until 1994.
The development track of these engines split in 1987, with the introduction of the 20XE; which featured a 16-valve
In 2004, a 2.0 L MultiPower engine was made available for the taxi market which could use gasoline, alcohol, and natural gas.
SOHC
SOHC | |
---|---|
Single overhead cam | |
Compression ratio |
|
Combustion | |
Fuel system | |
Fuel type |
These engines formed the basis of the modern Family II lineup, starting with the 16SH (1600S) version in the Opel Kadett D/Ascona C (Vauxhall Astra Mk1/Cavalier Mk2) in 1981. Configuration was limited to a single over head cam, and two valves per cylinder in a cross flow layout (8 valves total). Superficially these engines look similar to the "small block" Family I engine; the key difference to aid identification is the position of the oil filter - on the Family I it is on the front face of the cylinder block, pointing towards front of the car, on the Family II it is adjacent to the crankshaft pulley pointing downwards. The Family II also has a more sophisticated crankcase breathing circuit, with an additional pipe that runs from the crankcase to the camshaft box, with a further pipe running from a small plenum chamber on the rocker cover.
The 1.8-liter versions appeared first in carburetted form (18N) in 1982 and later also in injected (18LE) and further forms. The 2-liter 20NE was introduced in 1986 for the Opel Omega A (Vauxhall Carlton Mk2) and Ascona C3 (Vauxhall Cavalier Mk2c) and served as the base from which the updated 20SEH, and ultimately the 20XE/C20XE "Red Top". The final versions of this engine, labelled Ecotec, evolved from this engine as well.
Early Family II engines had a reputation for rapid camshaft and follower wear (a trait shared with the smaller Family I engine), the problem afflicted Kadett D/Astra I and Ascona C/Cavalier II vehicles fitted with the engine. Improved metallurgy of both the cam lobes and followers, combined with a change to the lubrication specification eventually solved the issue.
Another known issue on the Family II was for the water pump to become jammed into its mounting due to corrosion if the engine was run with no antifreeze; the pump is mounted into an eccentric shaped aperture so it can also function as the timing belt tensioner. If the pump cannot turn then the belt cannot be tensioned. Later versions of the engine were equipped with a separate jockey pulley to combat the issue.
1.6
The 1.6-liter iteration (1,598 cc or 97.5 cu in) has an 80.0 mm (3.15 in) bore and a 79.5 mm (3.13 in) stroke. Opel began production of the 1.6-liter engine in 1980.
Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16LF | 72 hp (53 kW ) at 5200 rpm with Ethanol
with Gasoline |
12.6 kgfm (124 Nm) at 2600 rpm with ethanol
12.3 kgfm (121 Nm) at 3000 rpm with Gasoline |
12:1 with Ethanol
8:1 with Gasoline |
Carburetor single barrel Weber 190 or brosol h 35 alfa1
Ethanol/Gasoline |
| |
16SH | 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) at 5800 rpm | 126 N⋅m (93 lb⋅ft) at 3800–4200 rpm | GM Varajett II | Opel Kadett D Opel Ascona C Opel Kadett E | ||
16D/16DA | 40 kW (54 PS; 54 hp) at 4600 rpm | 96 N⋅m (71 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm | Bosch VE |
|
1.7
The 1.7-liter iteration (1,700 cc or 103.7 cu in) has an 82.5 mm (3.25 in) bore and a 79.5 mm (3.13 in) stroke. The 1.7 L version uses diesel fuel. It was developed by Isuzu.
Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17D | 42 kW (57 PS; 56 hp) | 105 N⋅m (77 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm | 23:1 | Bosch injection pump |
| |
17DR | 44 kW (60 PS; 59 hp) | 105 N⋅m (77 lb⋅ft) at 2650 rpm | 23:1 | Lucas injection pump |
| |
X17DTL | 61 kW (83 PS; 82 hp) | 132 N⋅m (97 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm | 22:1 | 1994-2000 Opel Astra |
1.8
The 1.8-liter iteration (1,796 cc or 109.6 cu in) has an 84.8 mm (3.34 in) bore and a 79.5 mm (3.13 in) stroke. It was first available in the facelifted Opel Manta B in May 1982, and quickly made its way into a number of other Opel and GM cars. It was originally available as the 18N and the 18S, for low and high octane petrol respectively. The C18NV was first installed in the Opel Rekord E2 from May 1985 and was one of the first catalysed mass market automobiles sold in Germany (and Europe). The Family II engines in a longitudinal installation (for rear-wheel drive) have one major design difference from their transverse mounted counterparts - the distributor is driven by a small drivebelt from the camshaft timing sprocket rather than directly off the transmission end of the camshaft, which on the Manta B and Rekord E2 (both older vehicles that had originally been designed around the CIH engine) would have meant the distributor fouling the firewall or being impossible to service.
In 1983, the 1.8 L engine was added to certain North American market J-cars; the engines were imported from Brazil.
Engine[8] | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18E
S18E |
85 kW (115 PS) at 5800 rpm | 151 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) at 4800 rpm | 9.5:1 | Multipoint fuel injection | (Bosch LE-Jetronic) |
|
18LE | 70KW (95HP) | Multipoint fuel injection |
| |||
18N | 62 kW (84 PS) at 5400 rpm | 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 3000 rpm | 8.2:1 | Pierburg 2E3 |
| |
E18NV | 62 kW (84 PS) at 5400 rpm | 143 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm | 9.2:1 | Pierburg 2EE |
| |
C18NE | 74 kW (100 PS) at 5800 rpm | 140 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 3000 rpm | 8.9:1 | Multipoint fuel injection | (Bosch LU-Jetronic) | 1985.05–1986.08 Opel Ascona C
Opel Kadett E |
C18NZ | 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) at 5400 rpm | 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 3000 rpm | 9.2:1 | Monopoint fuel injection | (Multec) |
|
LH8 | 63 kW (84 hp) | Throttle-body fuel injection |
| |||
LA5 | 112 kW (150 hp) | Multi-port fuel injection |
|
2.0
The
The North American versions were used primarily in the
The LT3 (
Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20LE |
| |||||
20NE | 115 PS (85 kW) at 5200 rpm | 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm | 9.2:1 | Multipoint fuel injection | Motronic ML 4.1 |
|
20SE | 122 PS (90 kW) at 5400 rpm | 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm | 10.0:1 | Multipoint fuel injection | Motronic ML 4.1 | |
20SEH | 127–130 PS (93–96 kW) at 5600 rpm | 180 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) at 4600 rpm | 10.0:1 | Multipoint fuel injection |
|
|
C20NE | 115 PS (85 kW) at 5200 rpm | 170 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm | 9.2:1 | Multipoint fuel injection |
|
|
X20SE | 115 PS (85 kW) at 5200 rpm | 178 N⋅m (131 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm | 10.0:1 | Multipoint fuel injection | Motronic M1.5.4 | Opel Omega |
LT2 | 96 hp (72 kW) | 160 N⋅m (118 lb⋅ft) | Throttle body fuel injection |
| ||
LE4 | 110 hp (82 kW) at 5200 rpm | 167 N⋅m (123 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm | Multi-Port Fuel Injection | 1992–1994 Pontiac Sunbird | ||
LT3[9] | 165 hp (123 kW) at 5600 rpm | 175 lb⋅ft (237 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm | 8.0:1 | Multi-Port Fuel Injection |
|
2.2
The 2.2 L or 2,198 cc (134.1 cu in) version has an 86mm (3.38 in) bore and a 94.6mm (3.7 in) stroke. It is codenamed C22NE and 22LE.
It was mainly used in the Brazilian market, in the Opel Omega A (Chevrolet Omega in Brazil) with 116 hp and the Opel Vectra B (Chevrolet Vectra in Brazil) with 123 hp. This engine replaced the 2.0 8v C20NE (116 hp) version that was considered weak when fitted to cars like Omega and Vectra, by the Brazilian market, however 2.2L Omega A's for the European market continued to use the older CIH engine, rather than the Family II.
Applications:
- Isuzu Faster
- FS Lublin, modified C22NED engine
2.4
The 2,405 cc (146.8 cu in) version has an 87.5 mm (3.44 in) bore and a 100 mm (3.9 in) stroke.
- C24SE – 2.4 L SOHC – Isuzu Rodeo(C24SE built by Holden)
- X24XF— 2.4 L SOHC8V FlexPower
DOHC
DOHC | |
---|---|
Multi-port fuel injection | |
Fuel type | Gasoline |
The first naturally aspirated DOHC 16-valve version of the 2.0 L— 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)—
1994 saw the introduction of the Ecotec series - which again consisted of a DOHC 16-valve cylinder head (this time co-developed with Lotus) mounted atop a development of the Family II block. The 2-liter versions therefore became the
Again, these engines have no commonality with the later GM Ecotec engine introduced in 1999, and first used in the Opel Vectra B, which are to a completely different design to the Family II.
Coscast
This lineup features the same block as the SOHC engines with an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke and a
The 20XE came into production in 1987. The engine was designed by Cosworth, UK. The engine was originally intended for race application, hence Cosworth's involvement.[12] At the time of its launch, this engine was something of a milestone unit in Europe and was widely used in motorsport in many specialist race versions.
The engine had a low optimum
In 1988 the C20XE was introduced, and was fitted with a catalyst and oxygen sensor in the exhaust. This was due to new emission standards, which forced manufacturers to equip their cars with a catalytic converter and a lambda or oxygen sensor – this requirement permitted the fitment of the Bosch Motronic 2.5 engine management system. Engine power output dropped to 150 bhp. Vauxhall complied with the new emission controls in 1988, although the legislation wasn't law until 1991. Vehicles fitted with the C20XE engine produced before 1991 can have their catalytic converter legally removed, and the vehicle will still comply with MOT regulations.
The C20LET engine was introduced in 1992, and was fitted to the
Some versions of the engine implemented switchable
The engines that appeared in the early 1990s also swapped the cast metal spark plug cover for a cheaper (and less regarded) plastic version. Those used round tooth
In its last version before production ended, the C20XE came with a new engine management system which included a
Porosity issues
In 1991, the Coscast cylinder head was replaced with the GM cylinder head which was manufactured by Kolben-Schmidt.[14][15] One of the most prominently recognized qualities of the Coscast head is its inherent lack of porosity; this was achieved by pumping the liquid metal into the mold rather than pouring it, hence, minimizing the presence of tiny air bubbles that usually form during the standard casting process. The Coscast head can be identified by a Coscast logo which is stamped under the 3rd exhaust port and a ridge on the head under the distributor.
The GM head was a poured casting, and featured a slightly different oil/water gallery design. These design changes required that a pair of Welch plugs be pressed in at either end of the head. In situations where a complete C20XE is still fitted to a vehicle, the presence of Welch plugs (or lack of) has proven to be the sole means of differentiating between GM and Coscast heads. A reinforced version of the GM head became available in the later years of the C20XE; however, these reinforcements meant that it had smaller inlet/exhaust channels than the other two.[16]
Since an engine's oil circulates at much higher pressures than its coolant, oil in a porous head has a tendency to gradually seep into the coolant galleries. A typical symptom of a porous head is usually a 'mayonnaise'-like substance forming somewhere inside the cooling system (usually, this can be found residing on the coolant reservoir cap). However, depending on the degree of porosity, symptoms of a porous head have a tendency to vary. Many C20XE operators have described the symptom as a curry-like residue or in more severe cases, a thick brown sludge which may overcome the entire cooling system. In such instances, engine oil will readily react with the sulfur in rubber components, hence quickly degrading coolant pipes and hoses to the point of failure. During the porous head debacle, GM faced bankruptcy – therefore dealers failed to recall affected models. Due in part, to the engine's immense prominence and demand, many businesses now specialize in the repair of porous GM C20XE/LET heads – by either sleeving the affected gallery or by injecting a polymer based substance into the porous region. Reportedly, a small number of total GM C20XE cylinder heads ever exhibited significant symptoms of porosity.[17]
Motorsport
The C20XE has seen extensive use in motorsport. Typical uses for the engine have ranged from hillclimb events, to open wheel racing categories. Despite its age, it remains the powerplant of choice for many
Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20XE | 115 kW (156 PS) | 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) | 10.5:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection | Bosch Motronic 2.5 (no catalytic converter) | Opel Kadett Opel Vectra |
C20XE | 110 kW (150 PS) at 6000 rpm | 196 N⋅m (145 lb⋅ft) at 4600 rpm | 10.5:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
|
|
C20LET | 150 kW (204 PS) at 5600 rpm | 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 2400 rpm | 9.0:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Bosch Motronic 2.7 |
|
Ecotec branded models (in association with Lotus)
1.8
The X18XE was branded as Ecotec. All these engines feature an 81.6 mm (3.21 in) bore and an 86.0 mm (3.39 in) stroke.
2.0
The X20XEV is the first Family II engine branded as Ecotec, a mass-market successor to the C20XE with a
A higher output version called the X20XER produced 118 kW (158 hp) at 6500 rpm and 188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4300 rpm.The Z20LET is a turbocharged version of the X20XEV for the Opel Astra G and features an 8.8:1 compression, 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) and 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m) of torque. From 2005, the Z20LET engine was revised for the Astra H and Zafira B, to three different model designations, Z20LEL, Z20LER and Z20LEH. The differing designations denote the engine power output, 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp), 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) and 240 PS (177 kW; 237 hp). Further revisions to the original design include under-piston oil cooling, a revised turbocharger unit and the deletion of the contra-rotating balancer shafts in the 240 hp (179 kW) Z20LEH engine (as used in the Astra VXR), to reduce mechanical losses. The Z20LEH also features high quality Mahle forged pistons, which are much stronger than the cast pistons fitted to the Z20LET, Z20LEL and Z20LER.
The 2.0-litre X20SED D-TEC 16 Valve
The L34 also known as the U20SED is a 2.0 L (1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)) engine that was built until 2009 by Holden in Australia, dubbed D-TEC by GMDAT (the new Daewoo after the buyout from GM) or E-TEC II by Chevrolet (GM). It has an 86.0 mm (3.39 in) bore and stroke. Power is rated at 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) in South America and Europe, 126 hp (94 kW; 128 PS) in Canada, and 132 hp (98 kW; 134 PS) in the United States; all are at 5400 rpm and torque is rated at 126 lb⋅ft (171 N⋅m). The engine has been used on the Daewoo Lacetti and its various rebadged models, such as the Chevrolet Optra, Suzuki Reno, and Suzuki Forenza.
This engine was discontinued in 2010 and new generation open deck engines replaced starts with a prefix of the letter A e.g. A20NHT A20NHH A20NFT....
Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X20XEV | 136 PS; 134 hp (100 kW) | 185 Nm at 4000 rpm | 10.8:1 | Siemens Simtec 56.1/56.5/70 |
| |
X20XER | 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) | 188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4300 rpm | 10.8:1 | Siemens Simtec 70 |
| |
Z20LET | 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) | 267 N⋅m (197 lb⋅ft) | 8.8:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Bosch Motronic ME1.5.5 |
|
Z20LEL | 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) | 262 N⋅m (193 lb⋅ft) | 8.8:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Bosch Motronic ME7.6 |
|
Z20LER | 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) | 262 N⋅m (193 lb⋅ft) | 8.8:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Bosch Motronic ME7.6 |
|
Z20LEH | 240 PS (177 kW; 237 hp) | 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) | 8.8:1 | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Bosch Motronic ME7.6 |
|
X20SED | Multi-port fuel injection |
| ||||
U20SED (L34) | 119–132 hp (89–98 kW) at 5400 rpm | 126 lb⋅ft (171 N⋅m) |
|
2.2
The 2.2 L engine was a derivative of the GM Family II engine introduced in 1995 built by Holden in Australia that saw usage first in Australian and European versions of Isuzu-derived trucks and SUVs, and was later used in the Isuzu Rodeo and Daewoo Leganza. The X22XE was also used in the Opel/Vauxhall Sintra (1996–1999). The 2.2-liter shares many details together all listed below:
- Bore: 86.0 mm
- Stroke: 94.6 mm
- Volume: 2198 cc
X22XE
- Power: 100 kW (136 hp) at 5,200 rpm, 104 kW (141 hp) at 5400 rpm (Sintra)
- Torque: 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 2,600 rpm
- Compression ratio: 10.5:1
- Engine management: Bosch Motronic M 1.5.4
- Octane requirement: 91/95/98, with knock control
- Control: timing belt
- Exhaust system: AGR, regulated catalytic
- Properties: balance shafts
Y22XE (used on Omega, 1999–2003)
- Power: 107 kW (145 hp) at 5,400 rpm
- Torque: 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
- Compression ratio: 10.5:1
- Engine management: Siemens Simtec 71
- Octane requirement: 91/95/98, with knock control
- Control: timing belt
- Exhaust system: AGR, regulated catalytic
- Properties: balance shafts, electronic throttle, cruise control
Z22XE (used on Omega, 1999–2003)
- Specifications as Y22XE, but meets Euro IV emissions regulations.
Further applications:
- Isuzu Faster
- Isuzu MU/Isuzu Amigo (1995–2004)
- Opel/Vauxhall Frontera (1998–2004)
- Honda Passport (1998–2002)
- Opel Omega
- Opel Blazer(Indonesian market)
2.4
- X24SFD—2.4 L (2405 cc) SFI Chevrolet Vectra
- 150 hp at 5200 rpm
- 228 Nm at 4000 rpm
- Z24XE—2.4 L (2405 cc) DOHC – Chevrolet Captiva, Opel Antara(2006–2010), this engine was built by Holden until 2009. The 2006 Chevrolet Vectra also received a 2.4 L 16V FlexPower engine.
- 100–103 kW (136–140 hp) at 5200 rpm
- 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) at 2200 rpm
See also
- Family 1 engine
- List of GM engines
References
- ^ a b "Werk Kaiserslautern. Zahlen und Fakten". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ "Holden stops Family II engine Production". Zer Customs. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "GM do Brasil Milestones: 1980 – 1989". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ "Werk Kaiserslautern. Zahlen und Fakten" [Kaiserslauten plant: Data and facts] (in German). Opel AG. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Astra-Cavalier Product Guide". Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Isakson, Börje, ed. (1982-09-22). "Kadett Diesel nu i Sverige" [Kadett Diesel now in Sweden]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 34, no. 20. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 55.
- ^ ISBN 978-0875843445. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ "Motoroversigt. Opel Benzin- og Diesel-motorer ('57-'86)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ a b "DaRkMuCk's GM LT3 Engine Website". Lt3engine.i8.com. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ "Modules – Liste". ODB-2 Website. 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- ^ "C20XE conversion list". Robbie's Manta Site. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
- ^ "Interview with Dr Fritz indra" (PDF). CalibraWiki.com. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
- ^ a b c "Vauxhall Cavalier Turbo information". The Cavalier Turbo Owner's Register. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- ^ "Benefits of Coscast head". Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ "What engines are affected with porous heads". Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ "Detailed GM & Cosworth difference photos". Vauxsport. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
- ^ "Porous GM Head Info". Scoobler. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
- ^ Vauxhall, "Vauxhall Calibra DTM Special Edition Sales Brochure", 1995.
- ^ Autopedia online – www.autopedia.net.au