Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model (GFDL CM2.5) is a coupled atmosphere–ocean
Composition
Atmosphere
The atmospheric component of the CM2.X models employs a 24-level atmosphere with horizontal resolution of 2° in east–west and 2.5° in north–south directions. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the large mid-latitude cyclones responsible for weather variability. It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes or intense thunderstorm outbreaks. The atmosphere includes a representation of radiative fluxes, mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, representations of the impacts of stratus and cumulus clouds, a scheme for representing drag on upper level winds caused by gravity waves, changes in the spatial distribution of ozone and the ability to represent the impact of multiple greenhouse gases.
Ocean
The ocean component is a 50-level ocean, run at a resolution of 1° in the east–west direction and varying in the north–south direction from 1 degree in the polar regions to 1/3 of a degree along the equator. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the equatorial current system, but is too coarse to capture the highly energetic
Simulation description
Two sets of models were run for the IPCC, consisting of very similar ocean circulations but different methodology for solving the equations of motion. The result is that the models have very different wind stresses over the
Further development
Development of the CM2.1 model has progressed in three areas.[1] Improving the modeling of aerosols and atmospheric chemistry led to a CM3 model in 2011.[2] Improvement in modeling of biogeochemical cycles led to models ESM2M and ESM2G.[3][4] A third approach was to increase the resolution of the CM2 model, which led to models CM2.5, CM26, FLOR and HiFLOR.[1]
See also
- Modular ocean model
- HadCM3
- EdGCM
- Coupled forecast system, the operational version of this model
References
- ^ a b "High-resolution Climate Modeling – Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory". www.gfdl.noaa.gov. GFDL. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
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- Delworth, T.; Broccoli, Anthony J.; Rosati, Anthony; Stouffer, Ronald J.; Balaji, V.; Beesley, John A.; Cooke, William F.; Dixon, Keith W.; Dunne, John; et al. (2006). "GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models—Part 1: Formulation and simulation characteristics" (PDF). J. Climate. 19 (5): 643–74. .
- Gnanadesikan, A; Dixon, Keith W.; Griffies, Stephen M.; Balaji, V.; Barreiro, Marcelo; Beesley, J. Anthony; Cooke, William F.; Delworth, Thomas L.; Gerdes, Rudiger; et al. (2006). "GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models—Part 2: The baseline ocean simulation" (PDF). J. Climate. 19 (5): 675–97. .
- Knutson, T; Delworth, T. L.; Dixon, K. W.; Held, I. M.; Lu, J.; Ramaswamy, V.; Schwarzkopf, M. D.; Stenchikov, G.; Stouffer, R. J. (2006). "Assessment of Twentieth Century Regional Surface Temperature Trends using the GFDL CM2 Coupled Models" (PDF). J. Climate. 19 (9): 1624–51. .
- Russell, J.L.; Stouffer, R.J.; Dixon, K.W. (2006). "Intercomparison of the Southern Ocean circulation in IPCC coupled model control simulations" (PDF). J. Climate. 19 (18): 4560–75. .
- van Oldenburgh, G.; Philip, S.Y.; Collins, M. (2005). "El Nino in a changing climate–a multi-model study". Ocean Science. 1 (2): 81–95. .
- Wittenberg, A.; Rosati, Anthony; Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Ploshay, Jeffrey J. (2006). "GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models—Part 3: Tropical Pacific Climate and ENSO" (PDF). J. Climate. 19 (5): 698–722. .