George Scratchley Brown
George Scratchley Brown | |
---|---|
Croix de guerre (France) (UK) |
George Scratchley Brown (17 August 1918 – 5 December 1978) was a United States Air Force general who served as the eighth chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, he served as the senior military adviser to the president of the United States, the National Security Council and the secretary of defense. Through the commanders of the unified and specified commands, he was also responsible for executing the decisions of the National Command Authorities regarding worldwide readiness and employment of combat forces of the United States Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps.
Early life
George Scratchley Brown was born in
Both Brown and his younger brother Tim set their sights on attending West Point, but their father advised taking a year of college first. Therefore, after graduating from high school in 1936, Brown enrolled in engineering at the University of Missouri where he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon. A fine horseman, he played polo. He also enlisted in the 128th Field Artillery Battalion of the Missouri National Guard, rising to the rank of corporal. His father was able to secure a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy from Kansas for him, and Brown entered on 1 July 1937.[2]
At West Point, Brown was roommates with
World War II
Brown commenced his basic flight training in
In August 1942, he flew with the 93d Bombardment Group to England, where it became the first B-24 group to join the
It was as executive officer that he took part in
Brown was appointed assistant operations officer, 2d Air Division on 8 April 1944. He was promoted to colonel on 1 October.[5] Having completed the required 25 missions, he was rotated back to the United States on 9 November.[11] Alice was shocked to discover "that guy of mine had in fact requested another overseas assignment. He was so gung ho that he had come home, checked on me, and without my knowing it, put in to go back for another tour."[10] However, the Air Force turned down the request. On 27 January 1945, Brown became Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff A-3 with the Air Training Command at Fort Worth, Texas.[5]
Cold War and later career
In February 1946, Brown was posted to the Operations Division of the Air Training Command at
Brown became commander of the
Brown became commander of the
On 1 August 1968, Brown assumed command of the
[Brown's] relationship with General Abrams was the finest between a ground theater commander and his air subordinate that I have seen since 1941. There was complete trust, rapport, an end to gamesmanship between one service and another. It was clear from the outset that Abrams understood finally that in George Brown he had a personal friend whose life and resources were wholly committed to fulfilling the theater job and responsibility that Abrams had upon his shoulders.[26]
Brown's tour of Vietnam ended in September 1970, and he became Commander,
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
In 1973, under the recommendation of the
General George S. Brown was sworn in as the eighth Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on August 1, 1973. In this capacity Brown oversaw all United States major operations both domestic and international and all Air Force related projects, such as the development of the new fighter and bomber aircraft project which resulted in the F-15 and F-16 fighter aircraft and the B-1B strategic bomber aircraft. Brown emphasized the need of the modernization of United States Air Force Aircraft fleet following the Vietnam War and for the long-term future, in order to deter the growing Soviet weapon arsenal.[29] Brown also emphasized the important role of Strategic Air Command as United States primary nuclear deterrence.[29] Brown also emphasized the need of a new and modern missile that could strengthen the ballistic-missile as part of the Nuclear Triad, as a result the Air Force began the development of the new MX missiles.[29][30][31]
During his tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff, Brown also wanted to create a new and different relationship with his fellow Air Force personnel, unlike his predecessor and asking them not to hesitate to suggest new ideas for the Air Force. One of Brown's primary focus in reshaping and modernize the Air Force, is that not only focusing on the aircraft, weapons and material, but also with its own personnel and people within the Air Force especially the morale and spiritual welfare.[29] During his tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff Brown also asked all the personnel to participate at all major religion event, such as the prayer for the release of the U.S. Military personnel that was held as Prisoner of War (POW) in Vietnam. During the Worldwide Commanders' Conference, Brown also called upon the personnel for a prayer on every occasion.[29] Brown also often visited Air Force facility such as the Lackland Air Force Base where the new Airmen get its training and greeted them and joining them for lunch, which was depicted in the Air Force Now Movies series. Brown kept and maintained his relations with every Air Force personnel and didn't put a gap between him and other air force personnel including the junior personnel.[29]
An avid Aviator, Brown always spent time in the cockpit as its pilot and despite his busy schedule and time-consuming duties as Air Force Chief of Staff, General Brown always maintained his primary interest and proficiency as a Pilot. At one occasion Brown always flew the Air Force Aircraft that was used primarily for official trips such as Lockheed VC-140B Jetstar, North American T-39 Sabreliner and Boeing C-135 Speckled Trout.[29] At some point when Brown was on official trips with Senator Barry Goldwater who was also a Major General within the United States Air Force Reserve and an avid Aviator himself, Brown flew together in the cockpit with Senator Barry Goldwater.[29]
However, Brown did not remain as Air Force Chief of Staff for long. He was appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff effective 1 July 1974.[31][30][29] When Brown was nominated as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, many Air Force personnel feel sad that Brown have to leave the Air Force to head the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the nation's highest-ranking military position, due to many Air Force personnel feeling that Brown was deeply needed within the Air Force.[29] Brown was considered by many of the Air Force personnel as the "Brain" of the Air Force who brought so many idea and contribution within the Air Force that eventually led to the modernization of the Air Force.[30][29]
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
In 1974, following Admiral Thomas Moorer's scheduled retirement as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Brown was tapped by President Richard Nixon and Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger to succeed Moorer as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[31][30][29] Many, including former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara whom Brown once worked with as his military assistant, had previously predicted that Brown would someday be Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[29] According to General Robert J. Dixon, a protégé of Air Force Chief of Staff General Thomas D. White, when White was lying ill in the hospital due to terminal leukemia in 1964, General White told General Dixon to congratulate George S. Brown on behalf of General White if someday Brown became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This prophecy was proven true ten years later and was retold in Brown's biography "Destined for Stars" by Edgar F. Puryear Jr.[29]
George S. Brown was sworn in as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by Department of Defense General Counsel Martin Hoffman in a ceremony held in the Pentagon on July 1, 1974, which was attended by Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and President Richard Nixon. In this capacity, Brown was the highest-ranking and most senior military officer within the United States Armed Forces, and was also the principal military advisor to the President, Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council. Brown also become the first Air Force General to hold the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, following the 14-year hiatus since General Nathan F. Twining retired as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on August 15, 1960.
However, not long after Brown assuming the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff position, President Richard Nixon who appointed Brown as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff had to resign from the presidency due to the Watergate Scandal and was succeeded by his Vice President Gerald Ford, who assumed the presidency following Nixon's resignation.[31][30] Brown attended Nixon's departure at the White House Lawn on August 9, 1974, as well as Gerald Ford's inauguration ceremony as president.[31][30]
As chairman, Brown was responsible for handling notable international events, such as the
One of Brown's primary duties as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was the recasting and reshaping of the leadership within the Joint Chiefs. One of Brown's primary actions in reshaping the leadership within the Joint Chiefs was eliminating the J-2, which was basically responsible for communications function, and combining it with the J-3 operations. Brown also gave a chance to his fellow Joint Chiefs of Staff members such as the Air Force Chief of Staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Army Chief of Staff to handle crisis situations, in order to prepare them in case they were chosen to be the next Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. One notable case is during the Mayaguez incident, in which at that time Brown was on official foreign trips to attend NATO summit in Europe, during which Brown allowed Air Force Chief of Staff General David C. Jones to act as the acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and to lead the discussion within the National Security Council on the military planning and military matters to execute the operations to save the crew of SS Mayaguez.[30][29] Subsequently, Jones later was appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, succeeding Brown in 1978. Jones' experience as acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Mayaguez incident led to his effort to modernize the scope of the military to improve its relations with the civilian leadership, and that eventually led to the Military Reform act in 1986 that was famously known as the Goldwater–Nichols Act.[31][30][29]
However following the new Détente policy that was adopted in the early 1970s, Brown focused on how to ensure the United States Military was in robust shape and perpetually combat-ready while still following the Détente policy. Part of the Détente policy was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks treaty, also known as the SALT treaty, which had already started in 1972, two years before Brown assumed the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Working together with Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, Brown re-asserted that although both the United States and Soviet Union had signed the SALT treaty and were mutually practicing Détente, that the US should remain ready at any time to prevent any event that could catalyze a major crisis and concomitant escalation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
In November 1975, following James Schlesinger's retirement as Secretary of Defense and replacement by Donald Rumsfeld, Brown worked together with Rumsfeld to re-assert United States policy on military buildup and Détente. Both Rumsfeld and Brown agreed to work to speed up the B-1B Bomber Program in order to make those aircraft ready for service within the United States Air Force as soon as possible. Together with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Brown tested the B-1B Aircraft on a flight-test in 1975.[31][30][29] Another point of agreement between Brown and Rumsfeld was the new Fighter Aircraft program to modernize Air Force Tactical-Fighter Aircraft, and to replace some Air Force aircraft considered obsolete. As a result, the Air Force finally received the new Tactical-Fighter Aircraft, F-15 and F-16, although the program has been studied during Brown's tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff along with Air Force Secretary Robert Seamans.[29]
Following the SALT I Treaty Talk in 1972, the Ford administration which continued the Nixon Administration Détente policy began the SALT II Treaty Talk. Ford tried to had the SALT II Treaty Talk before the 1976 Presidential Election and ask the Defense Department to immediately come-up with the important point for the SALT II Treaty. Together with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Brown worked together to develop the important point for SALT II Treaty. However the SALT II Treaty important points doesn't come up due to several disagreements and failed to meet its deadline before the 1976 election. The Treaty was eventually signed in 1979 during the Carter administration.
Brown had a reputation for speaking frankly and forthright, as indicated by some of his statements getting heavily criticized during his term as chairman.[29] The event happened when Brown commented on two occasions—firstly to a Duke University audience in October 1974, and then to a French reporter in 1976—that Israel was becoming a burden to the Pentagon and that he believed the reason for continued military aid was due to Jews having control over America's banks, newspapers and elected officials. His exact words were:
It's so strong you wouldn't believe now. We have the Israelis coming to us for equipment. We say we can't possibly get the Congress to support that. They say, 'Don't worry about the Congress. We will take care of the Congress.' Now this is somebody from another country, but they can do it. They own, you know, the banks in this country, the newspapers. Just look at where the Jewish money is.[33]
Brown's comments at Duke and subsequent reprimand by President Gerald Ford were reported on the front page of The Washington Post on 13 and 14 November 1974.[34] There was speculation that Brown would be asked to resign, or at least not be nominated for a second two-year term; but he was re-nominated and went on to serve under the new president, Jimmy Carter.[35]
In April 1976 during an interview with Ranan Lurie, a cartoonist for Newsweek, Brown was asked to comment on his opinion of the British Armed Forces, Brown replied, "They're no longer a world power. All they've got are generals, admirals and bands."[36] Reaction in Britain was mixed. Some, like Lord Allenby condemned Brown's remarks, while others, like Lord Monckton acknowledged the truth of the remarks.[37] Brown also said that Israel was a "burden" to the United States, and predicted that Iran would become an important military power in the Middle East.[38] The event that cause a sparked of controversy especially in the middle of a presidential election was eventually resolved by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Brown himself, who immediately apologize for the remark. Both Brown and Rumsfeld held a press conference in The Pentagon to reaffirm that the statement was actually a mistake. Some even speculated that the statement was actually leaked by the opposition site to take advantage during the election, in which Brown replied to the reporter that "I'm not in a position to judge" and Rumsfeld also replied "He's not in a position to judge, he's exactly right I agree with him completely."[29]
Evacuation of Saigon
One of the most important events during Brown's tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was the
However, on 28 April 1975, Tan Son Nhat Airport came under heavy artillery fire and an attack from the
Carter Administration
Following Gerald Ford's defeat in the 1976 Presidential election and Jimmy Carter assuming the presidency on 20 January 1977, Brown remained to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Carter. Before Carter assumed the Presidency, Brown and Secretary of Defense
However, there were some differences on military matters between Ford and Carter administrations, with which Brown disagreed, such as Carter's campaign pledge to make the Pentagon more efficient, which led to the cancellation of some of important military modernization programs. As a result, the
During the Carter administration, talks began with the government of Panama handover the Panama Canal that led to the Panama Canal Treaty. On 26 September 1977, Brown gave a testimony to the House Committee on International Relations regarding his opinion of the treaty. His remarks stressed the importance of United States use of the canal instead of ownership. He emphasized that the United States military must have access to the canal, both in war and in peace time and that its security must be continually assured. Brown saw that the capability to defend the Panama Canal in order for it not to fall into the wrong hands was dependent on cooperation between the United States and Panama.[29]
Brown remained in Carter administration for a year, from 20 January 1977 to 20 June 1978. During his last term as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he continued to advise the Carter Administration about the importance of the United States military arsenal modernization, and the buildup of its deterrence against potential threats, even as the Carter administration stressed Pentagon budget reduction. Many of his colleagues on the Department of Defense and the Joint Staff praised his leadership, including Rumsfeld, who praised Brown as one of the most brilliant and smartest man he ever worked with.[29][30][31]
Retirement
Brown was diagnosed with prostate cancer in early 1978. Although Brown was still able to carry out his duties as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, his cancer caused his health to deteriorate, forcing him to take early retirement on 21 June 1978, twelve days before he was due to retire as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Brown was replaced by Air Force Chief of Staff General David C. Jones, who assumed the position on June 21, 1978.[29][31]
Although he was ill, Brown remained involved in discussions on a number of military matters and appeared on a Public Policy Forum TV program in 1978 to discuss the roles of the Joint Chiefs of Staff along with a former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Dates of rank
Insignia | Rank | Date |
---|---|---|
Second Lieutenant |
June 11, 1941 | |
First Lieutenant |
June 18, 1942 (permanent on June 12, 1944) | |
Captain |
October 20, 1942 | |
Major | February 13, 1943 (permanent on September 3, 1948) | |
Lieutenant Colonel | August 27, 1943 (permanent on April 12, 1951) | |
Colonel | October 1, 1944 (permanent on April 24, 1956) | |
Brigadier General | August 1, 1959 (permanent on January 30, 1962) | |
Major General | April 1, 1963 (permanent on February 27, 1964) | |
Lieutenant General | August 1, 1966 | |
General | August 1, 1968 |
Awards and decorations
Command Air Force Pilot Badge | |
Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
|
Distinguished Service Cross[42] | |
Defense Distinguished Service Medal[42] | |
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf clusters[42]
| |
Navy Distinguished Service Medal[42] | |
Silver Star[42] | |
Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters[42] | |
Distinguished Flying Cross with bronze oak leaf cluster[42] | |
Bronze Star Medal | |
Air Medal with three bronze oak leaf clusters | |
Joint Service Commendation Medal
| |
Army Commendation Medal
| |
Presidential Unit Citation | |
Valor device
| |
American Defense Service Medal | |
American Campaign Medal with one bronze campaign star | |
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with seven campaign stars
| |
World War II Victory Medal
| |
National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star | |
Korean Service Medal with two campaign stars | |
Vietnam Service Medal with six campaign stars | |
Air Force Longevity Service Award with silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters
| |
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
| |
Croix de Guerre with bronze Palm (France) | |
British Distinguished Flying Cross | |
Order of National Security Merit Cheon-Su with Silver Star (Korea)
| |
Republic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam, Commander | |
Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Air Force)
| |
Order of Aeronautical Merit (Brazil), Grand Officer[43] | |
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation
| |
United Nations Korea Medal
| |
Vietnam Campaign Medal |
Distinguished Service Cross citation
- Brown, George S.
- Major, U.S. Army Air Forces
- Headquarters, 93d Bombardment Wing (H), Ninth Air Force (Attached)
- Date of Action: August 1, 1943
- Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major (Air Corps) George Scratchley Brown, United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Squadron Leader and Pilot of a B-24 Heavy Bomber in Headquarters, 93d Bombardment Group (H), Ninth Air Force (Attached), while participating in a bombing mission on 1 August 1943, against the Ploesti Oil Refineries in Rumania. During a long and hazardous attack against a vital enemy oil installation made at low-altitude by a formation of B-24 type aircraft, Major Brown led his Squadron through heavy enemy fire against impossible odds, and then brought his crew safely back to base without the loss of a single man. The personal courage and zealous devotion to duty displayed by Major Brown on this occasion, even when confronted with practically certain destruction, exemplified the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, the 9th Air Force, and the United States Army Air Forces.[42]
Other honors and recognition
- 1974, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[44]
- 1985, The National Aviation Hall of Fame[45]
Gallery
-
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during a press conference in The Pentagon on January 15, 1976.
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Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown with Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger during a weekly meeting at The Pentagon on November 8, 1974.
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Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown while accompanying President Jimmy Carter on a tour to Strategic Air Command's Headquarters in Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska along with United States Air Force Chief of Staff General David C. Jones and Commanders-in-Chief of The Strategic Air Command General Richard H. Ellis and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, October 27, 1977.
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Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during a meeting with President Jimmy Carter and the National Security Council in The White House on August 5, 1977.
Notes
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 3–6.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Norton, John (14 July 2004). "Veteran's History Project" (Interview). Interviewed by Redmond, Patricia T. American Folklife Center. p. 2. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 13–18.
- ^ a b c d e Cullum 1950, p. 1147.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 13–14, 69.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 20–22.
- ^ a b c d e f g "General George S. Brown". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ Cullum 1950, p. 169.
- ^ a b Puryear 1983, p. 42.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 36.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 42–44.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 48.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 53–57.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 58–65.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 85.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 97.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 102.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 112–116.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 151.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 158–159.
- ^ John T. Correll (1 December 2004). "The Air Force In The Vietnam War" (PDF) (Report). "The Air Force Association". p. 8. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ^ "Major General John Daniel Lavelle". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
- ^ a b Puryear 1983, p. 183.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 196.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 205–206.
- ^ ISBN 978-0891411697.
- ^ OCLC 18744815.
- ^ ISBN 978-1780398877.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 257.
- Time magazine. 25 November 1974. Archived from the originalon 1 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 246–251.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 256.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 265.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 267.
- ^ Puryear 1983, p. 263.
- ^ Arlington National Cemetery
- ^ "Biography of General George S. Brown". Air Force Historical Research Agency. August 1968. pp. 35–40. Retrieved 4 September 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ISBN 978-1480200203.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "George Scratchley Brown". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
- ^ ORDEM DO MÉRITO AERONÁUTICO Archived 29 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine from served provided Brazil Armed Forces
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "Enshrinee George Scratchley Brown". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
References
- Cullum, George W. (1950). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- Puryear, Edgar F. (1983). George S. Brown, General, U.S. Air Force: Destined for Stars. Novato, California: Presidio. OCLC 9198011.