Glad (duke)

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History of Banat
Historical Banat
Modern Romanian Banat
Modern Serbian Banat
Modern Hungarian Banat

Glad (

Magyars), who had been mentioned in earlier annals and chronicles, but wrote of a dozen persons, including Glad, who are unknown from other primary sources of the Hungarian Conquest. Therefore, modern historians debate whether Glad was an actual enemy of the conquerors or only a "fictitious person"[1] made up by Anonymus. In Romanian historiography, based on the mention by Anonymus some 300 years later, Glad is described as one of the three Romanian dukes who ruled a historical region
of present-day Romania in the early 10th century.

According to the Gesta, Glad came from

Ahtum, who ruled Banat in the early 11th century, according to the longer version of the Life of St Gerard
, as Glad's descendant.

Background

Further information: Gesta Hungarorum and Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

The earliest record of the

Kabars
, joined them, according to the
Annals of St. Bertin states that the Magyars launched their first military expedition against the Carolingian Empire in 861.[6]

The Magyars invaded

Carpathian Basin, the Magyars "roamed in the wildernesses of the Pannonians and Avars" before attacking "the lands of the Carinthians, Moravians and Bulgars",[9] according to the contemporaneous Regino of Prüm.[10]

The

Someș and Tisza, and Salanus, the Bulgar ruler of the lands between the Danube and the Tisza—unknown from other primary sources.[16][17]

Banat on the eve of the Hungarian Conquest

Further information: Banat in the Middle Ages

Treasure of Sânnicolau Mare show that an important center of power existed in Banat in the "Late Avar" period, according to archaeologist Florin Curta.[23] However, "Late Avar" cemeteries did not survive the 8th century.[24]

The

Abodrites who lived in "Dacia on the Danube as neighbors of the Bulgars" sent envoys to Emperor Louis the Pious in 824, complaining "about vicious aggression by the Bulgars"[28] and seeking the emperor's assistance against them, according to the Royal Frankish Annals.[29][30] The Abodrites inhabited the lands along either the Timiș or the Tisza.[31][32] According to a memorial inscription from Provadia, a Bulgar military commander, Onegavonais, drowned in the Tisza, implying Omurtag of Bulgaria's attempts to expand his rule in the region in the 820s.[32][33] The Bulgars invaded Moravia in 863 and 883, suggesting that they controlled at least the crossing-points across the rivers Mureș and Tisza, according to the historian István Bóna.[31]

Bóna writes that the Bavarian Geographer is the last source which contains contemporaneous information of the eastern regions of the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century.[31] According to this source, which is actually a list of the tribes inhabiting the lands east of the Carolingian Empire around 840,[34] the Merehani, who had 30 civitates, or fortified centers, lived along the southernmost parts of the empire's eastern frontiers.[35] Their land also bordered on Bulgaria.[36] According to an alternative theory of the location of Moravia, which is primarily based on the Bavarian Geographer and Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus's report of "great Moravia, the unbaptized",[37] Banat was the center of this early medieval polity, which was annihilated by the conquering Magyars.[36] Archaeologist Silviu Oța identifies the Merehani with the Abodrites, adding that they were obviously a Slavic tribe.[38] The name of the Karaš and other rivers implies that a population speaking a Turkic language—Avar, Bulgar, or Pecheneg—also inhabited the Banat in the Early Middle Ages, but those rivers may have received their names only in the 11th and 12th centuries.[39]

Historian

Pescari, and Vladimirescu were Glad's forts.[41] Florin Curta says that the dating of these sites is uncertain.[42]

Anonymus's narration

Glad and his duchy

A page from an old codex presenting a large green P initial decorated with tendrils
The first page of the sole manuscript preserving the text of the Gesta Hungarorum, the only chronicle which mentions Glad
Lower Pannonia which are not mentioned by Anonymus[43]

According to the Gesta Hungarorum,

Orşova or Vršac)[50][51] with the help of the Cumans.[47] In another chapter of the Gesta, Anonymus wrote that Glad "held power from the Mureș River to the castle of Palanka",[52] showing that he identified Glad's duchy with the territory that is now known as Banat.[53] Anonymus explicitly referred to Glad as "the prince of that country"[52] in the same chapter.[54][55][56]

The Gesta did not write of the peoples inhabiting Glad's duchy.[57][54] On the other hand, it stated that Glad commanded "a great army of horsemen and foot soldiers" and his army was "supported by Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs".[54] According to Tudor Sălăgean and other Romanian historians, the list of the peoples reflects the one-time ethnic composition of the Banat, showing that a Turkic people (Pechenegs, Avars or Kabars), Bulgarians and Vlachs, or Romanians, inhabited the region in the late 9th century.[55][58][40][59][60] Historian Victor Spinei writes that Anonymus's reference to the "Cumans" supporting Glad's army shows that Glad sought the Pechenegs' assistance against the invading Magyars.[59]

Anonymus wrote that Glad had come "from the castle of

Ahtum, whom Stephen I of Hungary defeated in the first half of the 11th century, according to the Long Life of Saint Gerard.[67]

The conquest of Banat

According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Magyars conquered the lands between the Danube and the Tisza, Transylvania, the western regions of present-day

Bega River.[56] In the next two weeks, they forced the inhabitants of the region between the Mureș and Someș to yield and to give their sons as hostages.[56] Thereafter, Anonymus continued, the Magyar army marched towards the Timiș and "encamped beside the ford of Foeni"[52] where they wanted to cross the river.[56] However, Glad and his large army awaited them on the other bank.[56] A day later, Zovárd "enjoined his brother, Kadocsa, to go lower down with half his army and try to cross in any way in order to attack the enemy",[52] and Kadocsa obeyed this command.[56] Both divisions crossed the river and stormed the enemy camp.[56] In the battle, "two dukes of the Cumans and three kneses of the Bulgarians were slain"[69] before Glad decided to retreat, but his army was annihilated.[50]

Anonymus writes that Glad took shelter in "the castle of Kovin", while the Magyars marched to "the borders of the Bulgarians"[69] and encamped at the Ponjavica River.[50][54] Zovárd, Kadocsa and Vajta laid siege to Kovin, forcing Glad to surrender it three days later.[50][54] In short, they also seized Orșova where they lived "for a whole month",[69] according to the Gesta.[50][54] Vajta returned to Árpád, taking with him the hostages and the booty, while Zovárd and Kadocsa sent an envoy to Árpád to ask permission to invade the Byzantine Empire.[50] Ioan-Aurel Pop writes that Glad must have survived his defeat and recovered at least parts of his duchy in exchange for paying a tribute to the Magyars, because his descendant, Ahtum, ruled the territory some decades later, according to Anonymus.[57] In the words of László Gulyás, "after Glad submitted to them, he was left as their vassal in his territory".[70]

Glad in modern historiography

See also:
Daco-Romanian continuity
Hungarian Conquest": a map based primarily on the narration of the Gesta Hungarorum from the late 19th-century Pallas Nagy Lexikona
("Great Encyclopedia of Pallas")

Glad is one of the local rulers who are mentioned only in the Gesta Hungarorum.[62][71] Historians have continuously debated the reliability of Anonymus's work which was first published in 1746.[12][72] Anonymus's reference to the Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs supporting Glad is one of the key points in the scholarly debate, because the Cumans did not arrive in Europe before the 1050s.[73] Vlad Georgescu, Victor Spinei, Ioan-Aurel Pop and many other Romanian historians identify the "Cumans", or Cumani, as Pechenegs, Avars or Kabars,[55][40][59][60] saying that the Hungarian word that Anonymus translated as "Cuman" (kun) originally dubbed any Turkic tribe.[74] According to other historians, including Dennis Deletant, György Györffy and Carlile Aylmer Macartney, Anonymus's reference to the three peoples is an anachronism, which reflects the ethnic composition of the late 13th-century Bulgaria.[71][75][76]

In Romanian historiography, Glad is presented as one of the three local "voivodes" who ruled territories inhabited by Romanians at the time of the Hungarian Conquest.[77] Madgearu and Pop list almost a dozen place-names from the Banat and its wider region which suggest that settlements were named after Glad.[78][65] For instance, a village named Cladova (formerly Galadua) and a monastery named Galad were first mentioned in 1308 and 1333, respectively, and an Ottoman document from 1579 referred to two villages named Gladeš and a settlement named Kladova.[78] Silviu Oța writes that the theory of a connection between Glad and the name of those settlements is "considerably weak", because neither the origins nor the chronology of those place names have so far been thoroughly studied.[79] Oţa also says, "the historical geography of the Banat is reflected quite accurately in the chronicle", which suggests that Anonymus knew the geographical features of the region, but does not prove that Glad was a real person.[51] According to Györffy and Kordé, Anonymus who invented all local rulers in the Gesta named Glad after the village where the monastery was built.[80][62] Gyula Kristó states that the name was created by the chronicler from the toponym Ghilad.[81] Deletant, Macartney and other scholars also say that Anonymus seems to have borrowed many episodes of his narrative of Glad (including his connection with Vidin) from the story of his alleged descendant, Ahtum, in the Long Life of Saint Gerard.[75][82][83]

See also

References

  1. ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 25.
  2. ^ Bowlus 1994, pp. 236–237.
  3. ^ Pop 1996, pp. 56–57.
  4. ^ Curta 2006, p. 123.
  5. ^ Spinei 2009, p. 51.
  6. ^ Bowlus 1994, p. 236.
  7. ^ a b c Curta 2006, p. 178.
  8. ^ a b Bowlus 1994, p. 241.
  9. ^ The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm (year 889), p. 205.
  10. ^ Bowlus 1994, p. 239.
  11. ^ a b Deletant 1992, p. 72.
  12. ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 15.
  13. ^ Madgearu 2005, p. 20.
  14. ^ Deletant 1992, pp. 73–74.
  15. ^ Deletant 1992, p. 74.
  16. ^ a b Bóna, István (2001). "From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the period of the Great Migrations (271–896); Transylvania in the period of the Hungarian Conquest and foundation of state; Written and archaeological sources". Columbia University Press. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  17. ^ Deletant 1992, pp. 72–73.
  18. ^ a b Opreanu 2005, p. 123.
  19. ^ Bóna, István (2001). "From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the period of the Great Migrations (271–896); The period of the Avar rule; Gepidia's destruction, Gepidic traces". History of Transylvania, Volume I.: From the Beginnings to 1606. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  20. ^ The History of Theophylact Simocatta (viii. 3.11.), p. 213.
  21. ^ Curta 2006, p. 62.
  22. ^ Opreanu 2005, p. 124.
  23. ^ Curta 2006, pp. 93–94, 133.
  24. ^ Curta 2006, p. 133.
  25. ^ Curta 2006, p. 130.
  26. ^ Curta 2006, pp. 149, 153.
  27. ^ Sălăgean 2005, pp. 133–134.
  28. ^ Royal Frankish Annals (year 824), p. 116.
  29. ^ Curta 2006, p. 153.
  30. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 134.
  31. ^ a b c Bóna, István (2001). "From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the period of the Great Migrations (271–896); Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule". Columbia University Press. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  32. ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 159.
  33. ^ Spinei 2009, p. 57.
  34. ^ Barford 2001, p. 7.
  35. ^ Boba 1971, p. 32.
  36. ^ a b Bowlus 1994, p. 11.
  37. ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.
  38. ^ Oța 2014, p. 19.
  39. ^ Oța 2014, pp. 18–19.
  40. ^ a b c Georgescu 1991, p. 15.
  41. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 139.
  42. ^ Curta 2001, p. 149.
  43. ^ Györffy 1988, p. 71.
  44. ^ a b Madgearu 2005, p. 45.
  45. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 9.), p. 27.
  46. ^ Pop 1996, p. 82.
  47. ^ a b c Madgearu 2005, p. 32.
  48. ^ Macartney 1953, p. 70.
  49. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 11.), pp. 32–33.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Pop 1996, p. 123.
  51. ^ a b Oța 2014, p. 20.
  52. ^ a b c d e Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 44.), p. 95.
  53. ^ Pop 1996, p. 121.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Madgearu 2005, p. 33.
  55. ^ a b c d Sălăgean 2005, p. 141.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Pop 1996, p. 122.
  57. ^ a b Pop 1996, p. 125.
  58. ^ Pop 1996, pp. 125–126.
  59. ^ a b c Spinei 2009, p. 90.
  60. ^ a b Madgearu 2005, p. 34.
  61. ^ a b Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 11.), p. 33.
  62. ^ a b c Kordé 1994, p. 229.
  63. ^ a b Pop 1996, p. 127.
  64. ^ Madgearu 2005, p. 126.
  65. ^ a b Pop 1996, p. 128.
  66. ^ Djuvara 2012, p. 21.
  67. ^ Curta 2001, pp. 141–142, 144.
  68. ^ Madgearu 2005, pp. 21–22.
  69. ^ a b c Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 44.), p. 97.
  70. ISSN 1789-6339
    .
  71. ^ a b Deletant 1992, p. 73.
  72. ^ Madgearu 2005, p. 59.
  73. ^ Pop 1996, p. 15.
  74. ^ Pop 1996, pp. 126–127.
  75. ^ a b Macartney 1953, p. 79.
  76. ^ Györffy 1988, p. 86.
  77. ^ Boia 2001, pp. 124–125.
  78. ^ a b Madgearu 2005, pp. 34–35.
  79. ^ Oța 2014, pp. 19–20.
  80. ^ Györffy 1988, pp. 85, 94.
  81. ISSN 0324-6965
    .
  82. ^ Deletant 1992, p. 83.
  83. ^ Györffy 1988, p. 85.

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading

External links
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