Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna | |
---|---|
Richmond upon Thames, United Kingdom | |
Burial | Cimetière de Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin , France |
Spouse | |
Issue | |
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov | |
Father | Alexander III of Russia |
Mother | Dagmar of Denmark |
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (Russian: Ксения Александровна Романова; 6 April [
She married her father's cousin,
Early life
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna was born on 6 April [O.S. 25 March] 1875 at the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg.[1] She was the elder daughter among the six children of the Tsesarevich Alexander and his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Princess Dagmar of Denmark).
After the assassination of her paternal grandfather Tsar Alexander II of Russia (13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881), when Xenia was five years old, her father ascended to the Russian throne as Emperor Alexander III. It was a difficult time politically, plagued with terrorist threats. For security reasons, Alexander III moved with his family from the Winter Palace to Gatchina Palace. There Xenia and her siblings enjoyed a relatively simple childhood: sleeping on cot beds, waking at 6 a.m., and taking cold baths every morning. Their rooms were simply furnished, albeit comfortable.[2]
Like her brothers, Xenia was educated by private tutors, with special emphasis on the study of foreign languages.[3] Apart from her native Russian, Xenia studied English, French, and German. She learnt cookery, joinery, and making puppets and their clothes for their theatre. She also enjoyed riding and fishing on the Gatchina estate,[4] drawing (for which she supposedly had a particular talent), gymnastics, dancing, and playing the piano.[4]
Her entire family enjoyed family holidays at the home of her Danish maternal grandparents,
Early marriage
Xenia and her paternal first cousin once removed Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, her eventual husband, played together as friends in the 1880s.[7] Alexander, usually called Sandro, was also a friend of her brother, Nicholas. In 1886, 20-year-old Alexander was serving in the navy. Eleven-year-old Xenia sent him a card when his ship was in Brazil, "Best wishes and speedy return! Your sailor Xenia".[8] In 1889, Alexander wrote of Xenia, "She is fourteen. I think she likes me."[9]
At age 15, though Xenia and Alexander wanted to marry, her parents were reluctant because Xenia was too young and they were unsure of Alexander's character. The Tsarina Maria Feodorovna had complained of Alexander's arrogance and rudeness.
Charitable works
Xenia contributed strongly to charitable works. She was a member of the Women's Patriotic Association. From 1903, Xenia was patron of the Creche Society of St. Petersburg, which looked after poor working-class children while their parents were at work. She took a particular interest in hospitals for patients with tuberculosis in the Crimea, perhaps influenced by her brother George who suffered from the disease.
She was also patron of the Maritime Naval Welfare Association, which took care of widows and children of naval personnel. Xenia founded the Xenia Association for the Welfare of Children of Workers and Airmen. In addition, she was patron of the
Russo-Japanese War
On 25 January 1904, Xenia recorded in her diary that
On a cold Sunday in January 1905, over 150,000 peaceful people approached the
Xenia was exasperated on hearing of Russia's military defeat in Korea.[16] She had been angry about the start of the war and recorded her thoughts on the end, "and ended even more stupidly!"[16] Xenia was in the Crimea at their home at Ai-Todor with her husband and children, when news of the mutiny of the Black Sea fleet reached them. In October, her brother was forced to agree to the establishment of a Duma as a concession to the people. Some of Xenia's family saw it as "the end of Russian autocracy".[17] Her husband Sandro had resigned his position at the Ministry of Merchant Marine. Xenia and her family spent Christmas at Ai-Todor as it was not safe to travel north, or from their estate. A Christmas service was held in the house, with the priest being driven there and back "in a closed landau under an escort of cavalry".[17]
World War I and the collapse of the empire
The outbreak of war caught Xenia and her mother unaware: Xenia was in France while the Dowager Empress was in London.[18] They arranged to meet in Calais, where the private train of the Dowager Empress was waiting to take them to Russia, being confident that the German Kaiser Wilhelm II would let them through. Arriving in Berlin, they found the line to Russia had been closed. Hearing that the Yusupovs were also in Berlin, the Dowager Empress ordered that they join the train. An ugly situation ensued in Berlin until finally the train was allowed to travel to Denmark,[19] and then on to Finland.
Arriving back in Russia, Xenia threw herself into war work, providing her own hospital train and opening a large hospital for the wounded. She also chaired the Xenia Institute, which provided artificial limbs for the maimed. In 1915, learning that Nicholas intended to take command of the armed forces, she accompanied her mother to
In February 1916, Xenia travelled to
Realising the danger, Xenia and her family moved to Ai-Todor in the Crimea. From there, Xenia heard of
On 19 February 1917, Xenia was back in St. Petersburg at her palace. On 25 February, she wrote in her diary, "There are disturbances in the city, there was even shooting into the crowd, [they] say, but everything is quiet on the Nevsky. They are asking for bread and the factories are on strike."[25] On 1 March 1917 she wrote of rumours circulating that Nicholas's train had been stopped, and that he had been forced to abdicate.[26] The Dowager Empress wrote to her about her meeting with Nicholas in Mogilev, "I still can't believe that this dreadful nightmare is real!"[27] Xenia tried to see her brother but was refused permission by the Russian Provisional Government. Seeing no future where she was in St. Petersburg, Xenia left for Ai-Todor on 6 April, her 42nd birthday.[28]
Exile from Russia
Xenia arrived at Ai-Todor where she joined her mother, husband, and sister on 28 March 1917. At the end of November, Xenia wrote to her brother Nicholas in Tobolsk in Siberia,
"The heart bleeds at the thought of what you have gone through, what you have lived and what you are still living! At every step undeserved horrors and humiliations. But fear not, the Lord sees all. As long as you are healthy and well. Sometimes it seems like a terrible nightmare, and that I will wake up and it will all be gone! Poor Russia! What will happen to her?"
Bolsheviks. Her other surviving brother, Michael, had been murdered (by shooting) a month earlier outside Perm.While the
King George V of the United Kingdom sent the British warship HMS Marlborough[30] which brought them and sixteen other Romanovs (including five of her sons) from the Crimea through the Black Sea to Malta, and then to England. Xenia remained in Great Britain, while Dowager Empress Maria, after a stay in England, was joined by Olga at Villa Hvidøre outside Copenhagen in Denmark.[31]Later years
On 17 May 1920, Xenia had been granted
British pounds sterling.[32] Her husband Sandro was living at this time in Paris. By 1925, Xenia's financial situation had become desperate. King George V, who was her first cousin, allowed her to settle in Frogmore Cottage, a grace and favour house, in Home Park, Windsor,[33] for which she was grateful.[33] Later she had to deal with the fraudulent claims of Anna Anderson to be her niece, the murdered Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia.[34] Her sister Olga had pointed out if there had been any Romanov monies left, the Dowager Empress would not be receiving a pension from the British King.[34] In July 1928, ten years after the death of Nicholas and Alexandra, his family were legally presumed dead. Xenia and her family had hoped to take possession of the Langinkoski estate in Kotka, Finland, but this came to nothing.[35]Xenia visited her mother, the Dowager Empress, in Denmark as often as she could. Her mother was living in a villa, Hvidøre, that she and her sister Alexandra had bought on the Danish coast north of Copenhagen. In 1928, Xenia's mother fell seriously ill and died on 13 October.[36] After the death of her mother, the sale of the Hvidøre estate, and the jewels of the Dowager Empress brought in some income. Upon the death of the Dowager Empress, Xenia received a letter from Gleb Botkin, son of her late brother's doctor, claiming that Xenia was trying to steal from "Anastasia".[37] Her husband declared in a letter to her his disdain for the "vileness" of Botkin.[38]
On 26 February 1933, Xenia's husband Sandro died.[38] Xenia and her sons attended his funeral on 1 March, in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France. By March 1937, Xenia had moved from Frogmore Cottage in Windsor Great Park to Wilderness House in the grounds of Hampton Court Palace. She lived there until her death on 20 April 1960. Despite reduced circumstances during her lifetime, Xenia left a small estate to her remaining relatives.
Issue and later marriage
Xenia and Alexander had seven children together, one daughter followed by six sons:
Felix Yussupov- Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (24 January 1897 – 8 May 1981) m. 1. Elisabetta di Sasso Ruffo, m. 2. Nadine McDougall
Irina Pavlovna Paley- Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia (16 January 1900 – 12 September 1974) m. Countess Maria Vorontsova-Dashkova
- Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August 1901 – 7 July 1980) m. 1. Countess Marina Sergeyevna Golenischeva-Kutuzova, m. 2. Margaret Sheila MacKellar
- Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia (24 November 1902 – 31 July 1978) m. 1. Princess Alexandra Pavlovna Galitzine m. 2. Hedwig von Chappuis
- Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia (6 July 1907 – 23 June 1989) m. Princess Natalia Golitsyna
The children were grandchildren of a tsar (Alexander III) through their mother (female line), but only great-grandchildren of a tsar (Nicholas I) through their father (male line). Due to Imperial Family Statutes brought in by Alexander III to limit the rank of Grand Duke and Duchess, they held the title Princes and Princesses of Russia with the style of “Highness”.
One of Xenia's descendants could have become the Head of the
Imperial House of Russia, but all of her children, like all the other Romanovs, married morganatically, making them ineligible, in accordance with the old succession laws of Russia. As a result, none of the current descendants of the Romanov Family, including Maria, the daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich Romanov, whose mother was from a family recognised as non-dynastic by the last ruling Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II, are born of a Dynastic Marriage, under the old succession laws of Russia. However, her descendants are the only Romanov descendants of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and the closest Romanov blood relations of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia.In 1913, Xenia and Sandro's daughter Irina expressed her intention of marrying
Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich of Russia.[39] The Dowager Empress had heard the rumour and summoned Felix to meet with her, but Felix's charms won her over. She said, "Do not worry, I will do all that I can for your happiness."[40] Xenia's only daughter was married on 9 February 1914 in the presence of the Tsar, who gave her away. The wedding was held at one of the smaller palaces due to a falling out between Xenia and Tsarina Alexandra.[30] Xenia walked behind with Sandro and her mother.[41]During Xenia's last pregnancy in 1907, Alexander had an affair with a woman identified only as "Maria Ivanovna" in
Revolution, they separated and managed to escape Russia.Family relations
Xenia had a close relationship with her brother Nicholas II and his wife before they married. When Nicholas and Alexandra moved into the Alexander Palace after their own marriage, Xenia and Alexander (known in the family as "Sandro") spent the evenings together in the new billiard room.[43] A source of gradual resentment grew between Xenia and Alexandra due to the fact that Xenia had given birth to six healthy sons, whilst Alexandra had four daughters and her only son, Alexei Nikolaevich, was diagnosed with haemophilia. The robust health of Xenia's sons was a constant source of antagonism in the mind of Alexandra.[42] It was only in 1912 that Xenia learnt from her sister Olga that Alix had admitted that Alexei had haemophilia.[44]
The birth of Alexei led to Alexandra obtaining total control over her husband;
Apart from Nicholas, Xenia was devoted to her other two brothers,
Natasha Sergeyevna Wulfert. The couple were exiled as punishment. Xenia was willing to overlook this, as her own marital problems had made her more understanding.[48] She received both Michael and Natalia in 1913 in Cannes in France. Xenia tried to talk to her brother Nicholas about Michael and was told that he could return to Russia at any time, but that Natalia could not. Xenia helped to restore relations between Michael and their mother, the Dowager Empress.[48]Archives
Xenia Alexandrovna's personal papers (including family correspondence, diaries and photographs) are preserved in the "Grand Duchess Ksenii͡a Aleksandrovna Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).[49] Of particular interest in this collection is Xenia Alexandrovna's correspondence with her brother, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, and her mother Empress Maria Feodorovna. In addition, Xenia Alexandrovna's correspondence with the Romanian diplomat George I. Duca between 1950 and 1960 is preserved in the "George I. Duca Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).[50] Xenia Alexandrovna's correspondence with her cousin, Princess Tatiana Constantinovna, between 1927 and 1939 is preserved in the "Romanov Family Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).[51]
Xenia Alexandrovna and her staff kept illustrated, hand-written records of her jewellery and objets d'art which survived into her exile.[52]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
8. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel15. Princess Charlotte of Denmark References
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.4
ISBN 9780750927499.- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.12
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.18
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.15
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.17
- ^
OCLC 55942331.- ^ Alexander, Grand Duke (1932). Once a grand duke. Garden City, NY: Garden City. p. 94.
- ^ Alexander, Grand Duke (1932). Once a grand duke. Garden City, NY: Garden City. p. 116.
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.37
- ^ Korneva and Cheboksarova, p.196[verification needed]
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.41
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.73-74
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.56
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.59
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.60
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.61
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.86
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.87
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.91
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.93
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.94
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.95
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.97
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.98
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.100
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.103
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.105
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.124
- ^ a b c Welch, Frances (Winter 2011). "Bonhams : With only her jewels". www.bonhams.com. p. 20. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ Welch 2018, p. 246.
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.159
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.171
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.175
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.178-179
- ^ Korneva and Cheboksarova, p.244
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.184
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.185
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.81
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.82
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.83
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.xix
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.45
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.77
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.57
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.76
- ^ Van der Kiste and Hall, p.77-78
- ^ a b Van der Kiste and Hall, p.79
- ^ "Grand Duchess Ksenii͡a Aleksandrovna Papers". Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "George I. Duca Papers". Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Romanov Family Papers". Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ "Ksenia (Xenia) Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia (6 April 1875 – 20 April 1960) PERSONAL ILLUSTRATED ALBUMS OF JEWELLERY AND BIBELOTS". Bonhams. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
Sources
- Korneva, Galina; Tatiana Cheboksarova (2006). Empress Maria Fyodorovna's Favourite Residences in Russia and Denmark. Saint Petersburg: Liki Rossii.
ISBN 5-87417-232-7.- Van der Kiste, John; Coryne Hall (2002). Once a grand duchess: Xenia, sister of Nicholas II. Stroud: Sutton.
ISBN 0-7509-2749-6. OCLC 49593798.- Welch, Frances (2018). The Imperial Tea Party: Family, Politics and Betrayal; The Ill-fated British and Russian Royal Alliance. London: Short Books.
ISBN 978-1-78072-306-8.External links
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