Perm, Russia

Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58.000°N 56.317°E / 58.000; 56.317
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city. For other uses, see Perm (disambiguation) § Places.

Perm
Пермь
City[1]
From the top to the left: Kama River and Art Gallery (former Transfiguration Cathedral), Perm Embankment near the Motovilikha plant, A view over the city of Perm, Krasavinsky bridge
Flag
Flag
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
Location of Perm
Map
UTC+5 (MSK+2 Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal code(s)[11]
614xxx
Dialing code(s)+7 342[12]
OKTMO ID57701000001
City DayJune 12
Websitewww.gorodperm.ru

Perm (

Kama River, near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles), with a population of over one million residents.[13] Perm is the fifteenth-largest city in Russia, and the fifth-largest city in the Volga Federal District
.

In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha. In 1781 the settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the

Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov
. In 1957 the city returned to its historical name.

Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

Etymology

The name Perm is of

toponym
.

History

Further information: Great Perm

Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

Pokrovskaya Street (nowadays Lenin street) in central Perm around 1910
This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm in the early 20th century. Location home: 14a, Klimenko str.

After the outbreak of the

Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army
.

  • Early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910
  • General view of City of Perm
    General view of City of Perm
  • General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki
    General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki
  • Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm
    Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm
  • Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm
    Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm
  • Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm
    Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm
  • Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm
    Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm
  • Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.
    Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.
  • Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm
    Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

Soviet period

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with

Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.[14]

Modern city

TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural

timber and wood processing and the food
industry.

On September 20, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries.[16][17][18]

Geography

Kama River
in Perm
Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898

The city is located on the bank of the

Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea
. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the

Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva
(on the right bank).

Climate

Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[19] Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This is less evident during winter.

Climate data for Perm (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.5
(9.5) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		2.9
(37.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.8
(3.6) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Record low °C (°F) −44.9
(−48.8) 		−40.8
(−41.4) 		−34.8
(−30.6) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−13
(9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−25.2
(−13.4) 		−38.5
(−37.3) 		−47.1
(−52.8) 		−47.1
(−52.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 		33
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		55
(2.2) 		89
(3.5) 		78
(3.1) 		88
(3.5) 		64
(2.5) 		63
(2.5) 		56
(2.2) 		48
(1.9) 		690
(27.2)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 48
(19) 		61
(24) 		60
(24) 		19
(7.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		12
(4.7) 		30
(12) 		61
(24)
Average rainy days 1 2 4 11 18 18 17 20 21 17 7 3 139
Average snowy days 28 24 19 9 4 0.4 0 0 2 13 24 27 150
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		83 79 72 65 62 68 71 77 80 82 85 85 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 79 152 198 275 290 284 226 132 65 37 23 1,799
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[20]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[21]

Administrative and municipal status

Perm is the

municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.[8]

City divisions

Administrative divisions
Building of the Perm Administration
A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District Population (
2010 Census)[6]
Dzerzhinsky 155,632
Industrialny 157,575
Kirovsky 127,793
Leninsky 48,520
Motovilikhinsky 179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky 111,204
Sverdlovsky 210,477

Economy

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[22] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[23]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm:

LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[22]

Transportation

Perm is an important railway junction on the

Caspian seas.[24]

Perm is served by the international airport

Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city.[25]

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

  • LiAZ-5292 (CNG motor version) city bus
    LiAZ-5292 (CNG motor version) city bus
  • Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus
    Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus
  • AKSM-60102 tram
    AKSM-60102 tram
  • Perm II railway station
    Perm II railway station
  • Perm I railway station
    Perm I railway station
  • Perm International Airport
    Perm International Airport

Proposed metro system

The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.[26]

Culture

Perm Opera and Ballet House
Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the building of the Perm River Terminal

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[27][according to whom?] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre.

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.[28] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.[29][30][31]

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.[32][33]

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.[34][35]

The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm.[36]

Education

Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[37] Perm State Technical University,[38] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,[39] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[40] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[41] Perm State Agricultural Academy,[42] The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[43] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Education links

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
189745,205—    
192682,249+81.9%
1939255,236+210.3%
1959629,118+146.5%
1970850,324+35.2%
1979999,157+17.5%
19891,090,944+9.2%
20021,001,653−8.2%
2010991,162−1.0%
20211,034,002+4.3%
Census data

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:[44]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 823,333 90.7%
Tatars 34,253 3.8%
Bashkirs 7,729 0.8%
Komi-Permyaks
 7,301 0.8%
Ukrainians 6,507 0.7%
Udmurts 4,847 0.5%
Others 23,985 2.7%

Sports

The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Zvezda 2005 Perm
 Football 1994 Women's Supreme League 1st Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm Football 1958
Russian Second Division
 3rd Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm
Ice Hockey
 1948
Higher Hockey League
 2nd Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm Volleyball 1983 Volleyball Super League 1st Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi
Handball
 1999 Handball Super League 1st Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Basket
 Basketball 2012 VTB United League 1st Universal Sports Palace Molot

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.[45]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Perm

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

Sergei Diaghilev, 1910
Tatiana Totmianina, 2005

Sport

and

The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.[46]

Marketing

Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia, where the city also has a logo.[47]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Perm is or has been

twinned with:[48]

Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law".[50] The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford.[51]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Law #416-67
  2. ^ Пермская Городская Дума perm.ru (in Russian)
  3. ^ a b Official website of the Head of Perm Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  4. ^ "Áàçà äàííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ îáðàçîâàíèé". gks.ru. Russia.
  5. ^ Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
  6. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Law #2038-446
  9. ^ Law #1868-402
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. ^ Russian Federation - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 2014-04-12
  13. ^ "RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District". City Population.de. August 4, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  14. ^ Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  15. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  16. ^ Chernova, Anna; Said-Moorhouse, Laurne (September 20, 2021). "6 people killed in shooting at Russian university". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  17. ^ "Появились новые данные о погибших и пострадавших в результате стрельбы в Перми". Новости России и мира 24 часа в сутки - N4K.RU (in Russian). Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  18. ^ "Стрельба в университете в Перми унесла жизни 6 или 8 человек". Информационное агентство "Рассвет" - Rassvet-info.ru (in Russian). September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  19. ^ "Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  20. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  21. ^ "Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Industry Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Perm City Administration
  23. ^ English version Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship
  24. ^ Transport infrastructure Archived October 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine — Perm regional server.
  25. ^ "Объемы перевозок через аэропорты России" [Transportation volumes at Russian airports]. www.favt.ru (in Russian). Federal Air Transport Agency. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  26. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia > PERM' Metro Project". Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Perm' Metro Project; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .
  27. ^ "Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008". Vedomosti.ru. January 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao'". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  30. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (May 28, 2009). "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  31. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  32. ^ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum (November 24, 2016), Creation of RAV Drum, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved April 24, 2018
  33. ^ "RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum". ravvast.com. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  34. ^ (in Russian) В центре Перми появился бурый медведь Archived December 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine — РИА «Новый Регион».
  35. ^ (in Russian) На пермских улицах появился медведь. Archived 2007-07-06 at archive.today
  36. ^ ПермячOk (December 7, 2019). "Пермяк солёные уши: история, памятник, где находится". ПермячOk (in Russian). Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  37. ^ "Perm State University". Psu.ru. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  38. ^ "Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет". Pstu.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  39. ^ "Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики". Hse.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  40. ^ Perm State Academy Of Medicine Archived October 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy". www.psfa.ru. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  42. ^ "Perm State Agricultural Academy". Pgsha.ru. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  43. ^ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU. "Perm State Ballet college". Balletschool.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  44. ^ "Итоги::Пермьстат". Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  45. ^ ""Kama" Perm". Russian Bandy.
  46. ^ News June 2006 oxfordperm-assoc.org [dead link]
  47. ^ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city (rus)
  48. ^ "Города-побратимы Перми". gorodperm.ru (in Russian). Perm. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  49. ^ Hughes, Tim (March 4, 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  50. ^ "End of official twinning agreement with Perm". Oxford City Council. March 8, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  51. ^ Adie, Shosha (March 9, 2022). "Oxford council removes Russian twin town from welcome sign". Oxford Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2024.

[1]

Sources

  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №416-67 от 28 февраля 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края», в ред. Закона №504-ПК от 9 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Пермской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края"». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: "Звезда", №38, 12 марта 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #416-67 of February 28, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #504-PK of July 9, 2015 On Amending the Law of Perm Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai". Effective as of the moment of publication.).
  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №2038-446 от 11 февраля 2005 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципального образования "Город Пермь" Пермского края», в ред. Закона №499-ПК от 16 октября 2009 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Пермской области и Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования (12 марта 2005 г.), за исключением отдельных положений, вступивших в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №41, 2 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #2038-446 of February 11, 2005 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Perm" of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #499-PK of October 16, 2009 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication (March 12, 2005), with the exception of certain clauses, which took effect on different dates.).
  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №1868-402 от 1 декабря 2004 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципальных образований Пермского района Пермского края», в ред. Закона №273-ПК от 14 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Пермской области, Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа, Пермского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания и администрации Пермской области", №1, II часть, 27 января 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #1868-402 of December 1, 2004 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formations of Permsky District of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #273-PK of December 14, 2013 On Amending Various Laws of Perm Oblast, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Perm Krai. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication.).

External links

  1. ^ "Perm Online". Perm City Forum.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perm,_Russia&oldid=1210095045"