Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | |
---|---|
ګلبدین حکمتیار | |
Prime Minister of Afghanistan | |
In office 26 June 1996 – 11 August 1997 Disputed by Mohammad Rabbani from 27 September 1996 | |
President | Burhanuddin Rabbani |
Preceded by | Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (acting) |
Succeeded by |
|
In office 17 June 1993 – 28 June 1994 | |
President | Burhanuddin Rabbani |
Preceded by | Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani (1992) |
Succeeded by | Arsala Rahmani Daulat (acting) |
Personal details | |
Born | War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) | 1 August 1949
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Hekmatyar joined the Muslim Youth organization as a student in the early 1970s, where he was known for his Islamic radicalism rejected by much of the organization. He spent time in Pakistan before returning to Afghanistan when the Soviet–Afghan War began in 1979, at which time the CIA began funding his rapidly growing Hezb-e Islami organization through the Pakistani intelligence service, ISI,[5] one of the largest of the Afghan mujahideen. He received more CIA funding than any other mujahideen leader during the Soviet-Afghan War.[6]
In the late 1980s Hekmatyar and his organization used the funds and weapons provided to them by the CIA to start trafficking
Sometime after the Taliban's fall in 2001 he went to Pakistan, leading his
Early life
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was born in 1949 in
During his years in university, Hekmatyar joined the
Exile in Pakistan
The arrival of Afghan opposition militants in Peshawar coincided with a period of diplomatic tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan, due to Daoud's revival of the Pashtunistan issue.[citation needed] Under the patronage of Pakistani General Naseerullah Babar, then governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and with the blessing of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, camps were set up to train Hekmatyar and other anti-Daoud Islamists.[29][30] The Islamist movement had two main tendencies: the Jamiat-e islami ("Islamic society") led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, that advocated a gradualist strategy to gain power, through infiltration of society and the state apparatus. Rabbani advocated for the "building of a widely based movement that would create popular support".[31] The other movement, called Hezb-i Islami ("Islamic Party"), was led by Hekmatyar, who favored a radical approach in the form of violent armed conflict. Pakistani support largely went to Hekmatyar's group, who, in October 1975, undertook to instigate an uprising against the government. Without popular support, the rebellion ended in complete failure, and hundreds of militants were arrested.[32]
Hekmatyar's
Soviet war in Afghanistan
During the
Heroin trafficking
As the Soviet-Afghan War was coming to its end, Hekmatyar used the funds and weapons provided to him by the CIA and ISI to establish his organization as one of the leading heroin producers in the Middle East.[7] Hekmatyar first became involved in the narcotics trade in the summer of 1988, as it became apparent that the Soviets were intending to withdraw. Initially becoming involved in trafficking opium, Hekmatyar's was the first of the mujahideen groups to establish and operate heroin production factories in the region.[48][45] Hekmatyar's involvement in the production and distribution of illegal narcotics became a subject of diplomatic embarrassment for the United States Foreign Service.[46] The CIA officer with responsibility for its operations in Afghanistan at the time, Charles Cogan, said "Every situation has its fallout...There was fallout in terms of drugs, yes. But the main objective was accomplished."[45]
Warfare with other Afghan groups
Hezb-i Islami men are like cancer, that is why one has to treat the cancer first.
– Ahmad Shah Massoud following a truce with the Soviet Army, c. 1983[50]
Hezb-e-Islami distinguished itself among the mujahideen by its practice of
Hekmatyar's faction also attacked non-combatants such as British
Hekmatyar made an unlikely alliance with hardline communist and Minister of Defence Shahnawaz Tanai who launched a failed coup attempt in March 1990 against President Najibullah. Many senior members of his party resigned in protest of the coalition, and other Mujahideen groups ridiculed Hekmatyar for uniting with Khalqists to oust the Parcham government.[58] In addition, there were frequent reports throughout the war of Hekmatyar's commanders negotiating and dealing with pro-Communist local militias in northern Afghanistan.[59]
Overall, Hekmatyar has been accused of spending "more time fighting other Mujahideen than killing Soviets."[60] Through the anti-Soviet war and beyond, he remained a controversial yet persistently influential figure[61] whom The New York Times described as "perhaps the most brutal of a generally brutal group".[62]
Post-DRA civil war
A highly controversial commander, Hekmatyar has been dubbed the "Butcher of Kabul", accused of being responsible for the destruction and civilian deaths Kabul experienced in the early 1990s.[63]
According to the U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan in 1989–1992, Peter Tomsen, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was hired in 1990 by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to conquer and rule Afghanistan in the benefit of Pakistani interests. The plan was delayed until 1992 due to US pressure to cancel that plan.[64]
In April 1992, as the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan began to collapse, government officials joined the mujahideen, choosing different parties according to their ethnic and political affinities. For the most part, the members of the khalq faction of the PDPA, who were predominantly Pashtuns, joined with Hekmatyar.[65] With their help, he began on 24 April to infiltrate troops into Kabul, and announced that he had seized the city, and that should any other leaders try to fly into Kabul, he would shoot their plane down.[66] The new leader of the "Islamic Interim Government of Afghanistan", Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, appointed Ahmad Shah Massoud as defense minister, and urged him to take action. This he did, taking the offensive on 25 April, and after two days heavy fighting, the Hezb-i Islami and its allies were expelled from Kabul.[67] A peace agreement was signed with Massoud on 25 May 1992, which made Hekmatyar Prime Minister. However, the agreement fell apart when he was blamed for a rocket attack on President Mojaddedi's plane.[3] The following day, fighting resumed between Burhanuddin Rabbani's and Ahmed Shah Massoud's Jamiat, Abdul Rashid Dostum's Jumbish forces and Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami forces.
From 1992 to 1996, the warring factions destroyed most of Kabul and killed thousands, many of them civilians, during the
Relations with the Taliban
The Pakistani military had supported Hekmatyar until then in the hope of installing a Pashtun-dominated government in Kabul, which would be friendly to their interests. By 1994, it had become clear that Hekmatyar would never achieve this, and that his extremism had antagonised most Pashtuns, so the Pakistanis began turning towards the predominantly Pashtun
Nonetheless, in May 1996, Rabbani and Hekmatyar finally formed a power-sharing government in which Hekmatyar was made prime minister. Rabbani was anxious to enhance the legitimacy of his government by enlisting the support of Pashtun leaders. However, the Mahipar agreement did not bring any such benefits to him as Hekmatyar had little grassroots support, but did have many adverse effects: it caused outrage among Jamiat supporters, and among the population of Kabul, who had endured Hekmatyar's attacks for the last four years. Moreover, the agreement was clearly not what the Pakistanis wanted, and convinced them of Hekmatyar's weakness, and that they should shift their aid entirely over to the Taliban. Hekmatyar took office on 26 June, and immediately started issuing severe decrees on women's dress that struck a sharp contrast with the relatively liberal policy that Massoud had followed until then. The Taliban responded to the agreement with a further spate of rocket attacks on the capital.[75] The Rabbani/Hekmatyar regime lasted only a few months before the Taliban took control of Kabul in September 1996. Many of the Hezb-e Islami local commanders joined the Taliban, "both out of ideological sympathy and for reason of tribal solidarity."[76] Those that did not were expelled by the Taliban. In Pakistan, Hezb-e Islami training camps "were taken over by the Taliban and handed over" to Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) groups such as the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP).[77] Hekmatyar then fled to Massoud's stronghold in Panjshir who, despite Hekmatyar's history of animosity towards him, helped him flee to
Activities in the Islamic Republic
After the
The United States accused Hekmatyar of urging Taliban fighters to re-form and fight against Coalition troops in Afghanistan. He was also accused of offering bounties for those who kill U.S. troops. He has been labeled a war criminal by members of the U.S.-backed President Hamid Karzai's government. ISAF identified Hekmatyar in 2002 as the number one security threat, ahead of the Taliban or al-Qaeda.[82] He was also a suspect behind the 5 September 2002 assassination attempt on Karzai in Kandahar and a bomb the same day that killed more than a dozen people in Kabul.[83][84] That same month, he released newsletters and tape messages calling for jihad against the United States. One of his commanders commented that there "will be suicide attacks [...] against soldiers".[85] On 25 December 2002, news broke that American spy organizations had discovered Hekmatyar attempting to join al-Qaeda. According to the news, he had said that he was available to aid them. However, in a video released by Hekmatyar 1 September 2003, he denied forming alliances with the Taliban or al-Qaeda, but praised attacks against U.S. and international forces.[citation needed]
On 10 February 2003, the Afghan government reported that Hekmatyar was planning an alliance with Taliban and al-Qaeda factions. His group was involved in an intense battle with the U.S. army near
In May 2006, he released a video to
2008 resurgence
In May 2008, the Jamestown Foundation reported that after being "sidelined from Afghan politics" since the mid-1990s, Gulbuddin's HIG group had "recently reemerged as an aggressive militant group, claiming responsibility for many bloody attacks against Coalition forces at the time, primarily the International Security Assistance Force and the administration of President Hamid Karzai." The re-emergence of him as an "experienced guerrilla strategist" came at a propitious time for insurgency, following the killing of Taliban commander Mullah Dadullah, when some elements of the Taliban were becoming "disorganized and frustrated."[4] HIG claimed responsibility for and is thought to have at least assisted in a 27 April 2008 attempt on the life of President Karzai in Kabul that killed three Afghan citizens, including a member of parliament. Other attacks for which it was thought to be responsible included the 2 January 2008 shooting down in Laghman province of a helicopter containing foreign troops; the shooting and forcing down of a U.S. military helicopter in Sarubi district of Kabul on 22 January; and blowing up a Kabul police vehicle in March 2008, killing 10 soldiers.[4]
In interviews he demanded "all foreign forces to leave immediately unconditionally." Offers by President Hamid Karzai to open talks with "opponents of the government" and hints that they would be offered official posts "such as deputy minister or head of department", were thought to be directed at Hekmatyar. It was reported in 2008 that Hekmatyar lived in an unknown location in southeastern Afghanistan, close to the Pakistani border.[4] In 2008, he denied any links with the Taliban or al-Qaeda and was even considered for prime minister.[93] At the time, Hekmatyar was believed to shuttle between hideouts in Pakistan's mountainous tribal areas and northeast Afghanistan.[94]
In January 2010, he was still considered one of the three main leaders of the
On 10 February 2014, Gulbuddin's HIG group executed an attack which killed two US civilians, Paul Goins and Michael Hughes, and wounded two other Americans and seven Afghan nationals. HIG was also responsible for a 16 May 2013 suicide VBIED attack in Kabul, which destroyed a US armored SUV and killed two US soldiers, four US civilian contractors, eight Afghans—including two children—and wounded at least 37 others. The attack marked the deadliest incident against US personnel in Kabul in 2013.
2016 peace deal and pardon
On 22 September 2016, Hekmatyar was pardoned by the Afghan government as part of a peace deal between Hezb-i-Islami and the government. The deal also allowed for the release of Hezb-i-Islami prisoners and the return of Hekmatyar to public life. The deal led a group of young activists to organise a protest against the pardoning less than a mile away from the signing ceremony.
The agreement was formalised on 29 September 2016 with both Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and Hekmatyar, who appeared via a video link in the presidential palace, signing the agreement.[99] UN sanctions on him were formally lifted on 3 February 2017.[100] On 4 May 2017, he returned to Kabul along with his fighters to meet President Ghani after spending two decades in hiding.[101]
He has then called on the Taliban to end their insurgency and lay down arms.[102] Hekmatyar ran in the 2019 Afghan presidential election[103] and finished a distant third.
During and after U.S. withdrawal
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and his organization are reported to have joined the Council of Reconciliation formed by the Taliban.
Relatives
Some of Gulbuddin's relatives have served or are suspected of serving as his deputies.
Name | Relation | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Shahabuddin Hekmatyar | brother | Arrested due to his ties with Gulbuddin in August 2008.[106][107] Released in January 2009.[108] | |
Abdullah Shabab | nephew | Son of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's brother, Shahabuddin; Captured in 2007.[108] | |
Salahuddin Hekmatyar | nephew | Director of Islamic University | Son of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's brother, Shahabuddin |
Habiburahman Hekmatyar | son | spokesman | Gave interviews describing Gulbuddin's position in peace negotiations in 2010.[109] |
Ghairat Baheer | son-in-law | A medical doctor who spent four years in | |
Jamal Jamaluddin Hikmatyar | son | Founded the Youths Reforming Organization.[115] | |
Firoz Feroz Hekmatyar | son | diplomat | Represented the HiG at a peace conference in the Maldives in 2010.[116]
|
Ahktar Muhammed | brother | Gulbuddin's brother.[117] | |
Houmayoun Jarir Jareer | son in-law | Either Gulbuddin's son-in-law, or the son-in-law of Ahktar Muhammed, Gulbuddin's brother.[117] | |
Habibullah Shahab | nephew | Born in 1995, he was killed by a US airstrike on April 21, 2011.[118] He was reported to have played a role in "the jihad against US Forces". |
Books
Having been described as a "prolific writer" who, "despite rarely ceasing to fight, has authored more than 60 (reportedly 79) books on linguistics, Pashto grammar, comparative religion and political analysis",[119][120] some of his publications include :[121]
- Buḥrān-i mushkīlāt-i rāhhā-yi ḥal, 2000, 194 p. Politics and government in Afghanistan during 1989 to 1998, when Taliban extended their control to most parts of Afghanistan.
- Shiʻr va ʻirfān dar miḥak-i Qurʼān va shaqāyiq-i adabī, 2001, 104 p. On good and bad poetry and mysticism in light of the teachings of the Qur'an.
- Būdā az sharm furūʹnarīkht, takhrīb shud : dar pāsukh-i Makhmalbāf, 2003, 196 p. Critical study of "Būdā dar Afghānistān takhrīb nashud, az sharm furūʹrīkht" a book by prominent Iranian writer Mohsen Makhmalbaf on the history, jihad and Afghan refugees and other articles on Afghanistan.
- Tawhīd aw shirk, 2004, 254 p. On the Oneness of God and polytheism as interpreted in Qur'an.
- Da Qurʼān palwashe, 2006–2011, 8 volumes. Translation into Pashto and commentary of the Qur'an.
- Bāʼībal da Qurʼān pah raṇā ke, 2006, 871 p. Analytical study of Bible in the light of Qur'an.
- Islāmī taḥrīk : Nādirī k̲h̲ānadān ko iqtidār men̲ lāne se Rūsiyon̲ ke ink̲h̲ilāʼ tak, 2008-, multiple volumes. Historical study of Afghanistan from King Mohammed Nadir Shahregime of 1929 up to Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989.
- Rātlūnkay Islāmī niẓām bah ṡangah wī? mashar bah ʼī ṡok wī? ṡangah bah ghwarah kīẓhī?, 2009, 167 p. Government and politics according to Islamic teachings.
Notes
- Pashto: ګلبدین حکمتیار
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His other son, Abdullah Shahab, who was held by the US forces in Kunar province of Afghanistan two years back is still languishing in the heavily guarded Bagram Prison in Afghanistan.
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Rahman was captured about three weeks before his death in a raid in the Pakistani Capital of Islamabad against Hezb-e-Islami, an Afghan insurgent group led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, which was believed to have ties to al-Qaida. Rahman was arrested along with Hekmatyar's son-in-law, Dr. Ghairat Baheer.
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- ^ "Bahir, Dr. Ghairat Baheer". Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 2011-02-27. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ "Hekmatyar, Jamal Jamaluddin Hikmatyar". Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 2011-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ "Hekmatyar, Firoz Feroz". Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 2011-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ a b "Jareer, Houmayoun Jarir". Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 2010-07-11. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ "Shahab, Habibullah". Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 2011-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ Hekmatyar has authored 79 books on linguistics, Pashto grammar and comparative religion. Published in The Express Tribune, July 29th, 2011.[1]
- ^ Mujib Mashal (28 January 2012), "Hekmatyar's never-ending Afghan war", Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's profile on WorldCat
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6.
External links
- Pakhtunkhel, Awamdost (March 12, 2003). "Gulbuddin Hekmayar: A magnet of discontent in Afghanistan?". Central Asia-Caucasuus Institute. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- A. Jamali (27 January 2005). "Gulbudin Hekmayar: The Rise and Fall of an Afghan Warlord". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- Simpson, John (19 September 2005). "Afghans glimpse a normal life". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-07-11.