HMS Indefatigable (R10)
Aerial view of Indefatigable at sea, 7 November 1944
| |
History | |
---|---|
United Kingdom | |
Name | Indefatigable |
Builder | John Brown & Co., Clydebank, Scotland |
Laid down | 3 November 1939 |
Launched | 8 December 1942 |
Completed | 3 May 1944 |
Commissioned | 8 December 1943 |
Recommissioned | 28 May 1950 |
Decommissioned | December 1946 |
Identification | Pennant number: 10[2] |
Honours and awards |
|
Fate | Sold for scrap, September 1956 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Implacable-class aircraft carrier |
Displacement | 32,110 deep load ) |
Length | |
Beam | 95 ft 9 in (29.2 m) |
Draught | 29 ft 4 in (8.9 m) (deep load) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 shafts; 4 geared steam turbines |
Speed | 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph) |
Range | 6,900 nmi (12,800 km; 7,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
Complement | 2,300 (1945) |
Sensors and processing systems |
|
Armament |
|
Armour |
|
Aircraft carried | 81 |
Aviation facilities | 1 catapult |
HMS Indefatigable was one of two
After returning to the UK in early 1946, Indefatigable was modified for transport duties, and ferried troops and civilians for the rest of the year before she was reduced to
Design and description
The Implacable class were ordered under the 1938 Naval Programme by the
The ships had four
The 760-foot (231.6 m) armoured flight deck had a maximum width of 102 feet (31.1 m).[10] A single hydraulic aircraft catapult was fitted on the forward part of the flight deck. The Implacable-class carriers were equipped with two lifts on the centreline, the forward of which measured 45 by 33 feet (13.7 by 10.1 m) and served only the upper hangar, and the aft lift (45 by 22 feet (13.7 by 6.7 m)), which served both hangars. The upper hangar was 458 feet (139.6 m) long and the lower hangar was 208 feet (63.4 m) long; both had a maximum width of 62 feet (18.9 m). Each hangar had a height of only 14 feet which precluded storage of Lend-Lease Vought F4U Corsair fighters as well as many post-war aircraft and helicopters. Designed to stow 48 aircraft in their hangars, the use of a permanent deck park allowed the Implacable class to accommodate up to 81 aircraft. The additional crewmen, maintenance personnel and facilities needed to support these aircraft were housed in the lower hangar. The ships were provided with 94,650 imperial gallons (430,300 L; 113,670 US gal) of aviation gasoline.[11]
Armament, electronics and protection
The ship's main armament consisted of sixteen
The ship was also fitted with 55
Details of the Implacable-class ships' radar suite are not readily available. They were fitted with the
The Implacable-class ships had a flight deck protected by 3 inches (76 mm) of armour.[7] The sides of the hangars were either 1.5 inches (38 mm) or 2 inches (51 mm).[Note 1] The ends of the hangars were protected by 2-inch bulkheads[7] and the armour of the hangar deck ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 inches (38 to 64 mm) in thickness. The waterline armour belt was 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick, but only covered the central portion of the ship. The belt was closed by 1.5 to 2-inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft. The underwater defence system was a layered system of liquid- and air-filled compartments as used in the Illustrious class. The magazines for the 4.5-inch guns lay outside the armoured citadel and were protected by 2 to 3-inch roofs, 4.5-inch sides and 1.5 to 2-inch ends.[20]
Construction and career
Indefatigable was
The ship was commissioned on 8 December 1943
Norwegian operations
Indefatigable's first mission was a brief sortie on 1 July 1944 to provide air cover for the
894 Squadron, equipped with Seafires, landed aboard after the attack on 24 July to complete No. 24 Naval Fighter Wing.[29] Indefatigable and several escort carriers attacked targets in Norway on 10 August, destroying 6 Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters and sinking a minesweeper.[30] For Operation Goodwood, a series of attacks on Tirpitz, the Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters of 1840 Squadron replaced the Barracudas of 826 Squadron.[31] The first mission took place on the morning of 22 August when Indefatigable launched 12 Barracudas, 11 Fireflies, 8 Hellcats, and 8 Seafires against the German battleship and nearby targets. A smoke screen again protected Tirpitz and no damage was inflicted; two Seafires failed to return. Another attack was made later in the day without effect. A further attack could not be mounted until 24 August because of bad weather; for this mission the carrier contributed 12 Barracudas, 11 Fireflies and 4 Seafires, all of which returned.[32][Note 2] Tirpitz was lightly damaged by two hits during this attack, one a 500-pound (230 kg) bomb and the other a 1,600-pound (730 kg) armour-piercing bomb. The latter penetrated the armoured deck but failed to explode and would probably have inflicted serious damage, possibly even sinking the ship, had it done so.[35] A final attack was made five days later, again without effect.[36] 887 Squadron sank seven seaplanes at their moorings at Banak during the operation.[37]
Indian Ocean and Pacific operations
On 19 September 1944, Indefatigable sortied from Scapa Flow to attack targets near
Together with Victorious and Indomitable, Indefatigable attacked an
En route to Sydney to prepare for operations in the Pacific, the BPF's carriers attacked oil refineries near Palembang, Sumatra, on 24 and 29 January (Operation Meridian). The ship's Seafires lacked the range to reach the targets so they were retained on combat air patrols (CAP) over the fleet for both attacks. She contributed 10 of her Avengers and all of her Fireflies to the first attack, which destroyed most of the oil storage tanks and cut the refinery's output by half for three months. Five days later, the BPF attacked a different refinery and 820 Squadron again contributed 10 Avengers to the attack while 1770 Squadron added nine Fireflies. The latter squadron also flew two Fireflies on an armed reconnaissance mission over an airfield that lay between the carriers and their target. The attack was very successful at heavy cost, but the losses of Indefatigable's squadrons are not available. Her Seafires shot down a Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" reconnaissance aircraft searching for the fleet and 5 Kawasaki Ki-48 "Lily" bombers that attacked at low level.[40]
The BPF arrived in Sydney on 10 February; the crews received leave and the ships got some maintenance before they sailed for the BPF's advance base at
On 12 and 13 April, the BPF switched targets to airfields in northern Formosa. On the first day, a pair of Fireflies encountered five Mitsubishi Ki-51 "Sonia" dive bombers and shot down four of them. A flight of four Seafires on CAP spotted four Japanese fighters, three Mitsubishi A6M Zeroes and a Kawasaki Ki-61 "Tony" later that morning, and shot down one Zero. The BPF returned to the Sakishima Islands on 17 April before retiring to Leyte Gulf to rest and resupply. Wastage of Seafires to all causes was very heavy during the operation with 25 out of 40 lost or damaged beyond repair and only 5 replacements received. Their short range and lack of endurance was considered by Vian to be a severe handicap for the BPF, which returned to action on 4 May and again attacked targets in the Sakishima Islands. Its aircraft continued to do so until they flew their last missions of Operation Iceberg on 25 May. Statistics compiled by the BPF staff showed that 61 Seafires were lost or damaged beyond repair during both phases of the operation due to deck-landing accidents.[44]
The BPF arrived back at Sydney on 5 June and sailed for Manus three weeks later.[45] Indefatigable was forced to remain behind as she required repairs to her machinery.[46] Her air group flew aboard on 7 July (1772 Squadron and its Fireflies replacing 1770 Squadron) when she sailed for Manus. She reached the coast of Japan on 20 July and her aircraft began attacking targets near Osaka and in the Inland Sea four days later. Her Seafire squadrons had adapted larger external fuel tanks for their aircraft and they were no longer limited to CAP duty.[47] The BPF's aircraft crippled the escort carrier Kaiyo and sank numerous smaller ships on 24 July.[48] After replenishing, airstrikes resumed on 28 and 30 July, the British sinking the escort Okinawa near Maizuru. A combination of bad weather, refuelling requirements and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima delayed the resumption of air operations until 9 August. During the day, Indefatigable's aircraft attacked targets in northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido. The attacks were repeated the next day, sinking two warships and numerous small merchantmen and destroying numerous railroad locomotives and parked aircraft.[49]
The BPF had been scheduled to withdraw after 10 August to prepare for
Post-war service
On 17 August 1945, Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser, commander of the BPF, came aboard and addressed the crew. Indefatigable continued flying operations until she entered Sagami Bay on 5 September. She departed three days later for Manus en route to Sydney. The ship arrived at Sydney on 18 September and began a leisurely refit that lasted until 15 November. On 1 November, Captain Ian MacIntyre relieved Graham as captain of the ship. She became Vian's flagship on 22 November and sailed to New Zealand to show the flag. She arrived in Wellington on 27 November and was opened for public tours, during which time the Prime Minister, Peter Fraser, also visited. Indefatigable then sailed to Auckland, arriving on 12 December, and was again opened for tours. She returned to Sydney for the holidays and visited Melbourne on 22 January 1946 before departing for home nine days later. Vian transferred his flag to her sister ship Implacable that day and the ship stopped off at Fremantle and Cape Town en route. While Indefatigable was visiting the latter city, she was opened to the public, and the Governor-General of South Africa toured the ship.[51]
The carrier arrived at Portsmouth Dockyard on 16 March 1946. Her hangars were modified to accommodate over 1,900 passengers, including women, and she departed for Australia on 25 April carrying 782 RN personnel and 130 Australian war brides. Most of the RN personnel disembarked at Colombo and most of the war brides did the same at Fremantle. Indefatigable continued on to Sydney, where she embarked a complete naval hospital, with patients, and over 1,000 RN officers and ratings. She departed on 9 June and arrived at Plymouth on 7 July. Her next voyage involved transporting a much smaller number of men to Malta and Colombo; only 47 officers and 67 ratings, most of whom left the ship at Malta. When she arrived at Colombo on 15 August, she loaded a full complement of passengers from all three services to return to the UK. The ship arrived at Portsmouth on 9 September and her next voyage involved over 1,200 RN personnel and civilians ferried to Malta, Colombo, and Singapore where almost 1,300 personnel embarked. She returned to Portsmouth on 29 October and began a brief refit in preparation for her final trooping voyage. Indefatigable sailed empty for Norfolk, Virginia, where she loaded RN personnel before returning to Portsmouth on 21 November. The next month, she was placed in reserve and Captain MacIntyre retired on 7 January 1947.[52]
The Admiralty decided to recommission Indefatigable for use as a training ship in mid-1949. Captain Henry Fancourt assumed command on 22 August to prepare for sea. The ship arrived at Devonport to begin the necessary modifications on 30 August and the following day Fancourt turned over command to the dockyard. Captain John Grindle was appointed to command on 24 March 1950 and the ship was recommissioned on 28 May. Two days later Captain Robert Sherbrooke, VC, relieved Grindle and Indefatigable began her sea trials on 28 June. She was inspected by Rear Admiral St John Micklethwaithe, Flag Officer Training Squadron, on 3 July and received her first trainees shortly afterwards. She participated in exercises with the Home Fleet and joined it in Gibraltar in September and October. On 12 March 1951 she sortied from Portland, flying Micklethwaite's flag, to exercise with the Home Fleet before beginning a brief refit at Devonport in May. Captain John Grant relieved Sherbrooke on 6 June and the ship was opened to visitors as part of the Festival of Britain on 17 July. Five days later the visitors were stranded aboard ship overnight when a storm came up and forced Indefatigable to put to sea. The seas moderated the next day and the visitors departed in safety. Rear Admiral Royer Dick hoisted his flag aboard the carrier in September until she began a short refit at Devonport in January 1952.[53]
Indefatigable joined Implacable for her annual winter visit to Gibraltar after completing her refit in February 1952. Over the summer she exercised with the Home Fleet and visited the Danish port of
Squadrons embarked
Squadron | Aircraft operated | Embarked (from – to) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
820 | Fairey Barracuda II Grumman TBF Avenger |
10 July 1944 – March 1946 | –[56] |
826 | Fairey Barracuda II | 10 June – 7 August 1944 17–26 September 1944 |
–[57] |
887 | Supermarine Seafire III | 6 July – 24 September 1944 21 November 1944 – 15 March 1946 |
–[58] |
888 | Grumman F6F Hellcat | 24 December 1944 – 7 January 1945 | Photoreconnaissance versions[59]
|
894 | Supermarine Seafire III | 24 July – 24 September 1944 21 November 1944 – 15 March 1946 |
–[60] |
1770 | Fairey Firefly I | 18 May – 25 July 1944 7 August 1944 – 5 June 1945 |
Disbanded[61] |
1772 | Fairey Firefly I | 7 July 1945 – 10 March 1946 | Disbanded[62] |
1840 | Grumman F6F Hellcat | 7 August – 1 September 1944 | –[34] |
Notes
- ^ Sources disagree about the thickness of this armour. Historians David K. Brown, H. T. Lenton, and Norman Friedman believe that it was probably only 1.5 inches thick,[18] but other sources give 2 inches.[7][8][19]
- ^ Thomas states that the commanding officer of 1840 Squadron was lost on 24 August,[33] but McCart does not list any Hellcats flying that day. Sturtivant does show the named pilot as commander of 1840 Squadron, although his successor is not named until 12 September.[34]
Footnotes
- ^ McCart, p. 168
- ^ Lenton, p. 713
- ^ Friedman, p. 141
- ^ Friedman, p. 366
- ^ a b c Brown, David, p. 49
- ^ Friedman, p. 151
- ^ a b c d e Hobbs 2013, p. 109
- ^ a b Chesneau 1980, p. 20
- ^ Friedman, p. 367
- ^ Friedman, p. 154
- ^ Brown 1977, pp. 48–49; Friedman, p. 144
- ^ Campbell, pp. 52, 55
- ^ Friedman, pp. 144, 367
- ^ Campbell, p. 71
- ^ Campbell, pp. 67, 75
- ^ Friedman, pp. 149, 154
- ^ Campbell, pp. 15–16, 18–19; Friedman, pp. 144–45, 149, 151; Hobbs 2013, pp. 111, 113
- ^ Brown, David K., p. 51, fn. 45; Friedman, p. 143; Lenton, p. 103.
- ^ Chesneau 1995, p. 129
- ^ Friedman, pp. 134, 139, 142–43
- ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 111
- ^ a b McCart, p. 148
- ^ Holt, pp. 389–90, 810
- ^ a b c McCart, p. 149
- ^ Howe, p. 106
- ^ Polmar, p. 68
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, pp. 247–48, 370
- ^ McCart, pp. 149–50
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, pp. 386, 471
- ^ Rohwer, p. 349
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, pp. 276, 420
- ^ Brown 2009, p. 28; McCart, p. 152
- ^ Thomas, p. 67
- ^ a b Sturtivant 1984, p. 420
- ^ Sturtivant 1990, p. 106
- ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 267–68
- ^ Brown 2009, p. 28
- ^ McCart, p. 152
- ^ Brown 2009, pp. 83–84; McCart, pp. 152–53
- ^ Brown 2009, pp. 92–93; McCart, pp. 153–54
- ^ a b McCart, p. 155
- ^ Hobbs 2011, p. 133
- ^ a b Hobbs 2013, p. 113
- ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 147, 150, 152–53, 175, 195, 197
- ^ McCart, pp. 155–56
- ^ Hobbs 2011, p. 253
- ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 212–13, 253; McCart, p. 156
- ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 261, 263, 266–67
- ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 273–81, 286–87
- ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 288–92
- ^ McCart, pp. 156–57
- ^ McCart, pp. 156–64
- ^ McCart, pp. 164–65
- ^ Sturtivant 1990, p. 174
- ^ McCart, pp. 167–68
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, pp. 247–48
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, pp. 275–76
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, p. 370
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, p. 372
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, p. 386
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, p. 399
- ^ Sturtivant 1984, p. 401
Bibliography
- Brown, David (1977). WWII Fact Files: Aircraft Carriers. New York: Arco Publishing. ISBN 0-668-04164-1.
- ISBN 1-59114-602-X.
- Brown, J. D. (2009). Carrier Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-108-2.
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Chesneau, Roger (1995). Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (New, Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-902-2.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- ISBN 0-87021-054-8.
- Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0.
- Hobbs, David (2013). British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-138-0.
- Hobbs, David (2011). The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-044-3.
- Holt, Thadeus (2007). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-142-0.
- Howe, Stuart (1992). De Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History. Bourne End, UK: Aston Publications. ISBN 0-946627-63-0.
- ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
- McCart, Neil (2000). The Illustrious & Implacable Classes of Aircraft Carrier 1940–1969. Cheltenham, UK: Fan Publications. ISBN 1-901225-04-6.
- ISBN 978-1-57488-665-8.
- ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- ISBN 0-85130-120-7.
- Sturtivant, Ray (1990). British Naval Aviation the Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-938-5.
- Thomas, Andrew (27 March 2007). Royal Navy Aces of World War 2. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-178-6.
- My Grandparents War “Carey Mulligan” -wild Pictures Limited production for Channel 4 Television in association with WNET. 2019 December 18