Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae | |
---|---|
Fothergilla major (Witch alder) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Saxifragales |
Family: | Hamamelidaceae |
Type genus | |
Hamamelis L.
| |
Subfamilies | |
See text | |
The range of Hamamelidaceae. |
Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system, the Cronquist system, recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.
Description
The Hamamelidaceae are distinguishable from other families in the Saxifragales due to the range of floral characteristics that are generally uniform though all genera. Uniform characteristics include
Anthers
The three types of anthers found in the Hamamelidaceae are:
- Type 1) The theca (or sheath of anther) opens like a window with two wings; a common anther type.[5]
- Type 2) There is one valve opening to reveal two pollen sacs. Five genera in the Hamamelidoideae subfamily, confined to the Southern Hemisphere (Trichcladus, Dicoryphe, Ostrearia, Neostrearia, Noahdendron) are known to have this anther type.[5]
- Type 3) One valve opens a wing of anther tissue towards the center of the flower revealing one pollen sac. The two genera, Exbucklandia and Hamamelis is known to have this anther type.[5]
Pollen
Plants of the Hamamelidaceae have sticky pollen, which may have influenced the type of pollination that is seen in this family. Pollination is predominantly via insects or wind. However, the insect-pollinated genus Disanthus has been known to wind-pollinate (although inefficiently) in the event pollinators do not visit its flowers.[6] The genus Rhodoleia is unique because it is bird-pollinated.[5] [3][7]
The pollen structure in the lower Hamamelidae is relatively uniform. The pollen patterns are
.Flowers
The petals of the Hamamelidaceae are generally narrow and ribbon-like. The exceptions are the genera Corylopsis and Rhodoleia, which have
The flowers of Hamamelidaceae are mostly bisexual with perianth parts, which mature to fruits arranged in spikes, racemes or nonglobose heads.[5][3]
Breeding systems
The anemophilous groups within the Hamamelidaceae are often
Taxonomy
The fossil record dates from the
Cladogram of Saxifragales families[12][13][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cynomorium (Cynomoriaceae) remains unplaced within this tree |
Subdivision
Subfamilies
The infrafamilial classification of the Hamamelidaceae has been controversial, and has undergone a number of revisions based on morphology, the best known of which are those of Harms (1930)[10] and Endress (1989).[5][14][15]
and have recognized the separation of the Rhodoleioideae and Disanthoideae subfamily and newly erected Mytilarioideae. [18][14][15] [19] [20] [21]The relationships between Exbucklandioideae and the other subfamilies have proven controversial. The unresolved monophyly of Exbucklandioideae and the clades of Disanthoideae, Rhodoleioideae, Exbucklandioideae or even Mytilarioideae being a sister clade to Hamamelidoideae may have been a result of differing DNA methodologies researchers have used to produce phylogenetic trees and the inclusion or exclusion of certain genera used as outgroups in their analyses. However, the sister relationship of Disanthoideae and Hamamelidoideae has been well supported,[14][17][15][22] although some researchers[16] do not support this. Strong support for making Altingioideae a family has been recognized by textbooks[3] and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Research continues to resolve the deep relationships of the subfamilies within the Hamamelidaceae by incorporating whole or fragmentary fossil evidence.[18][20]
Hamamelidaceae contains 27-30 genera and 80-140 species distributed among five to six subfamilies. The subfamilies are Exbucklandioideae, Rhodoleioideae, Mytilarioideae, Disanthoideae, Hamamelidoideae, and Altingioideae, which has been elevated to a family Altingiaceae in some recent treatments.[3] Many of the subfamilies are monotypic and the majority of the species lie within the Hamamelidoideae, which has 22 genera.
The long-standing question of whether Altingioideae should be a separate family has been assessed and supported by morphological and
The resulting subfamilial structure was eventually resolved in a series of molecular studies in the late 1990s, resulting in five distinct subfamilies, the majority of the genera residing in the nominative subfamily, Hamamelidoideae:[9]- Subfamilies (number of genera)
- Exbucklandioideae (1 genus; Exbucklandia)
- Rhodoleioideae (1 genus; Rhodoleia)
- Mytilarioideae (2 genera; Mytilaria, Chunia)
- Disanthoideae (1 genus; Disanthus)
- Hamamelidoideae (22 genera; see Tribes below)
Tribes
The relatively large size of subfamily Hamamelidoideae and its further subdivision into tribes has also been a matter of study and controversy. Six tribes are now recognized. The revised structure has greatly reduced Hamamelideae to a monotypic taxon, which had previously been further divided into subtribes:[25]
- Corylopsideae (1 genus; Corylopsis)
- Dicorypheae (5 genera; Dicoryphe, Trichocladus, Neostrearia, Noahdendron, Ostrearia)
- Eustigmateae (4 genera; Eustigma, Fortunearia, Sinowilsonia, Molinadendron)
- )
- Hamamelideae (1 genus; Hamamelis)
- Loropetaleae (4 genera; Loropetalum (including Tetrathyrium), Maingaya, Embolanthera, Matudaea)
Genera
- Chunia (1 species; Hainan)
- Corylopsis (winter-hazel; about 30 species; east Asia)
- Dicoryphe
- Disanthus (1 species; east Asia)
- Distyliopsis
- Distylium (about 10 species; east Asia, Himalayas)
- Embolanthera
- Eustigma
- Exbucklandia (3 species; Assam, China, southeast Asia)
- Fortunearia (1 species; eastern China)
- Fothergilla (fothergilla; 3 species; southeastern U.S.)
- Hamamelis (witch-hazel; 4 species; eastern North America, east Asia)
- †Wehr) Eocene1 species
- Loropetalum (three species; east Asia)
- Maingaya
- Matudaea
- Molinadendron
- Mytilaria
- Neostrearia
- Noahdendron
- Ostrearia
- Parrotia (Persian ironwood; 1 species; Alborz Mountains of southwest Asia)
- Himalaya)
- Rhodoleia (about 7 species; southeast Asia)
- Sinowilsonia (1 species; western China)
- Sycopsis (about 7 species; southeast Asia)
- Tetrathyrium
- Trichocladus
Distribution and habitat
The Hamamelidaceae were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the Upper Cretaceous and early Tertiary.[5]
The largest subfamily, the Hamamelidoideae, is now distributed in
References
- ^ a b Brown 1818.
- ^ a b c APG IV 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. 2010. "Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 3rd ed.". In [eds.], Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 3rd ed. In [eds.]. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts.
- ^ S2CID 45506515.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Endress 1989.
- .
- .
- ^ Ludvigsen 2011.
- ^ a b Li 1997.
- ^ a b Harms 1930.
- ^ APG I 1998.
- ^ Jian et al 2008.
- ^ Stevens 2019.
- ^ a b c d Li et al 1999a.
- ^ a b c Li et al 1999b.
- ^ a b Shi et al 1998.
- ^ doi:10.1086/297611.
- ^ doi:10.1086/320770.
- ^ Chang, H.T. (1979). "Hamamelidaceae". Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. 35: 36–116.
- ^ S2CID 85920898.
- ^ Huang, G.L. (1986). "Comparative anatomical studies on the woods of the Hamamelidaceae in China". Sunyatsenia. 1: 24–26.
- ^ a b Pan, K.-Y.; Lu, A.-M. & Wen, J. (1990). "Characters of Leaf Epidermis in Hamamelidaceae (s. l.)". Sunyatsenia. 28: 10–26.
- ^ PMID 21646145.
- ^ Takhtajan, A. 1997. "Diversity and classification of flowering plants". In [eds.], Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
- ^ Li & Bogle 2001.
- ^ a b c d Zhi-yun, Z.; An-ming, L. (1995). "Hamamelidaceae: Geographic distribution, fossil history and origin". Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. 33 (4): 313–339.
Bibliography
Books and theses
- Brown, Robert (1818). Characters and Descriptions of Three New Species of Plants. Extracted from the 'Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China', by Clarke Abel, Esq., pp. 374–379. Longman, London.
- ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.
- ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Harms, H. (1930). "Hamamelidaceae". In Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl Anton (eds.). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 18A. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. pp. 330–343.
- Li, Jianhua (December 1997). Systematics of the Hamamelidaceae based on morphological and molecular evidence (PhD thesis). Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire.
- Ludvigsen, Rolf (2011). "Eocene compression floras". Life in Stone: A Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils. ISBN 978-0774841511.
Articles
- Endress, Peter K. (1989). "A suprageneric taxonomic classification of the Hamamelidaceae". JSTOR 1222267.
- Gapinski, Andrew (2014). "Hamamelidaceae, Part 1: Exploring the Witch-hazels of the Arnold Arboretum" (PDF). Arnoldia. 72 (2): 2–17.
- Gapinski, Andrew (2015). "Hamamelidaceae, Part 2: Exploring the Witch-hazel Relatives of the Arnold Arboretum" (PDF). Arnoldia. 72 (4): 20–35.
- Jian, Shuguang; PMID 18275001.
- Li, Jianhua; Bogle, A. Linn; Klein, Anita S. (September 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships in the Hamamelidaceae: Evidence from the nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene matK". S2CID 25179689.
- Li, Jianhua; Bogle, A. Linn; Klein, Anita S. (July 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA". PMID 10406726.
- Li, Jianhua; Bogle, A. Linn (2001). "A new suprageneric classification system of the Hamamelidoideae based on morphology and sequences of nuclear and chloroplast DNA". JSTOR 41761618.
- Petruzzello, Melissa (12 September 2017). Hamamelidaceae. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Shi, Suhua; Chang, H.T.; Chen, Yueqing; Qu, Lianghu; Wen, Jun (January 1998). "Phylogeny of the Hamamelidaceae based on the ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA". .
- APG
- JSTOR 2992015
- doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x, archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-10-22, retrieved 2019-11-15
- hdl:10654/18083
- .
Websites
- Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Stevens, Peter F. (May 2019), Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster - Flowering Plant Systematics (PDF), retrieved 24 September 2019
- Stevens, P.F. (2019) [2001]. "Saxifragales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 25 September 2019. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
- Soltis, D; Soltis, P; Arakaki, M (2006). "Saxifragales". Tree of Life.
- WFO (2019). "Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl". World Flora Online. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- Hamamelidaceae Archived 2005-12-29 at the Wayback Machine in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants. Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine