Harold Edward Elliott

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Harold Edward Elliott
First World War
Awards
Victoria
Board member Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australian parliament
.

Elliott entered the

Boer force, and received a congratulatory telegram from General Lord Kitchener. After he returned to Australia, he completed his law degree and became a solicitor. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Militia in 1904, and he was promoted to lieutenant in 1905, captain in 1909, major in 1911, and lieutenant colonel
in 1913, commanding the 58th Battalion (Essendon Rifles).

After the outbreak of the First World War, Elliott joined the

Second Battle of Bullecourt in May 1917, and the Battle of Polygon Wood at the end of September 1917, when Elliott's leadership transformed a near-defeat into a victory. In the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
in April 1918, he won another famous victory.

Elliott won the

Lieutenant General Sir John Monash for members of the AIF to come to Melbourne Town Hall and sign up as special constables. In 1926, he was appointed to command the 15th Brigade again, and the following year was finally promoted to the rank of major general, and became the commander of the 3rd Division
. Suffering from chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, he killed himself in March 1931.

Early life

Harold Edward Elliott was born 19 June 1878 in West

Presbyterian boys' school,[6] where one of the school houses, "Elliott", is now named after him.[7][8] Despite concerns about the adequacy of his Rock Tank education, Elliott topped his class in Latin, bookkeeping, and Bible studies in his first year. He topped the class in seven of his eight subjects in 1896, and went on to become dux of the school in 1897.[9]

Elliott entered

Victoria. He was accepted for the Victorian Imperial Bushmen, and trained at Langwarrin, Victoria,[12] before embarking for South Africa on 1 May 1900.[13]

In another aspect of his life, Elliott would join the United Grand Lodge of Victoria as a Freemason in the old and established Naval & Military Lodge No 49.[citation needed]

Boer War service

The Victorian Imperial Bushmen were initially based at

mentioned in despatches.[17] He was given a British Army commission as a lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment on 20 November 1900,[18] but he remained with the Victorian Imperial Bushmen as an attached subaltern. He embarked for Australia on 22 June 1901, reaching Melbourne on 12 July.[19] His British Army commission was cancelled at his own request.[20]

On 24 August 1901, he sailed for South Africa again on the SS Britannic. There, he obtained a commission as a lieutenant in the Cape Colony Cyclist Corps on 18 October 1901.[21][22] He then joined the Border Scouts, who patrolled remote and inhospitable areas. In December 1901, he distinguished himself in repelling a numerically superior Boer force under Commandant Edwin Alfred Conroy.[23] For this he received a congratulatory telegram from General Lord Kitchener that read: "Please tell Lieut. Elliott that I am very pleased with his conduct and that of his men in driving off Conroy and saving horses."[24] The war ended in May 1902, but Elliott remained with the Border Scouts until they were disbanded in September.[23][25] In addition to his Distinguished Conduct Medal, Elliott was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with four clasps (Rhodesia, Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Cape Colony), and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps (South Africa 1901 and South Africa 1902).[26]

Early law career

In 1903, Elliott returned to his studies, completing his arts degree. Instead of staying at Ormond College, he lived at "Endersleigh", a residence in Drummond Street,

University in the Victorian Football League.[28] Elliott graduated in 1906 with his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws with second class honours, sharing the Supreme Court Prize for the top law student.[27]

A law degree was not sufficient to allow one to practise law; aspiring lawyers had also to complete articles. Elliott joined the firm of Moule, Hamilton and Kiddle on Market Street. While working on his articles, he lived at Endersleigh and courted Belle and Kate, the daughters of its owners. He completed his articles in August 1907, and was dismissed by Moule, Hamilton and Kiddle, since the firm would now have to pay him a living wage. Elliott practised as a solicitor in Stawell, Victoria, for a while, before returning to Melbourne, where he formed a partnership with a fellow solicitor, Glen Roberts, with offices in Collins Street. He bought a house called "Dalriada" in Northcote, with a loan from his father, and married Kate Campbell there on 27 December 1909. They had two children, a daughter, Violet, born in March 1911, and a son, Neil, in June 1912. His militia career also flourished, and he was promoted to lieutenant in 1905, captain in 1909, major in 1911, and lieutenant colonel in 1913, commanding the 58th Battalion (Essendon Rifles).[29]

First World War

Gallipoli Campaign

The 7th Battalion disembarking in Egypt

On 14 August 1914, soon after the

Colonel James Whiteside McCay's 2nd Infantry Brigade. Elliott's first action was to ask Major Walter McNicoll to be his second in command, a position McNicoll readily accepted. He then supervised the raising of his battalion. Three of his eight companies were drawn from the northern suburbs of Melbourne, but the other five came mainly from central Victoria. He took particular care over the selection of officers. The newly formed battalion marched from Victoria Barracks to the training camp at Broadmeadows, Victoria, on 19 August. Elliott believed that Australians would take readily to military discipline if the reasons for it were properly explained. McCay was disturbed at the numbers of men without prior militia training that were being enlisted, but some of the battalion's recruiting area had no militia units. Instead, Elliott relied on the quality of the militia's officers and non-commissioned officers to produce well-trained soldiers. [30]

On 18 October, the 7th Battalion entrained for

charger, called "Darkie",[35] who (with subtle encouragement) would spot the smallest irregularities in the men. Years later, his men were still convinced that it was the horse who had noticed the errors their commander had berated them for.[33]

Elliott (second from left) and McNicoll (third from left) taking a rest during training in the desert.

For the

Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan told him that the plan needed to be changed, and that the 2nd Brigade was required on the right, around the 400 Plateau.[38] Climbing up to the 400 Plateau to view the situation for himself, Elliott was wounded in the ankle.[39]
He was helped down to the beach, where he remained for several hours, insisting that others were more severely wounded than himself. Eventually, he was taken to the hospital ship HMHS Gascon, and thence back to Alexandria. [40]

Elliott was admitted to the

1st Australian General Hospital in Heliopolis on 7 May 1915, was discharged on 26 May, and rejoined the 7th Battalion at Anzac on 5 June.[26] On 8 July he was in his headquarters behind Steele's Post when he received word that the Turks were in an Australian tunnel near the German Officers' Trench. Characteristically, he went forward in person to ascertain the situation, entering the tunnel with two men. Some 20 feet (6.1 m) from the end there was a flash in his face, and the man behind him was shot. Elliott drew his pistol and barricaded the tunnel with sand bags, refusing help for fear that anyone else coming forward might also be hit. The tunnel was blocked off, and sealed with an explosion.[41] On 8 August 1915, the 7th Battalion moved into positions captured the previous day in the Battle of Lone Pine, and he took over responsibility for the defence of the entire position. He led his men from the front trenches, steadying them in an uncertain situation. They fought off a series of Turkish counterattacks, winning four Victoria Crosses in the process.[42] In the fighting, a man next to him was shot dead, splashing him from head to foot with blood and brains,[43] but he was not decorated for the battle despite inspirational leadership. Apparently his name, originally at the top of the recommendations for decorations, had been struck off the list.[1] On 28 August, Elliott was evacuated to England towards the end of August with pleurisy,[26][44] and did not rejoin the 7th Battalion until 7 November.[26] On 18 December, one day before the evacuation of Anzac, he sprained his ankle and was evacuated ahead of his troops.[43] He was mentioned in despatches on 28 January 1916.[45]

Suez Canal

After the evacuation, the 7th Battalion was returned to Egypt, where Elliott rejoined it on 15 January. On 15 February, he was appointed to command, with the rank of brigadier general,

Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood, offered Elliott the newly formed 14th Infantry Brigade in Maj. Gen. James Whiteside M’Cay's new 5th Division instead, Elliott said that he would prefer the 15th Infantry Brigade, as it was the Victorian brigade of the 5th Division, whereas the 14th was from New South Wales. Birdwood granted this request.[46] Elliott soon made himself unpopular with Birdwood when he wanted to replace three of the four battalion commanders allotted to him.[47] He was told that their reputations were sacred, but Elliott replied that the lives of his men were more so.[1] Birdwood forced him to accept them for the time being; but Elliott eventually had his way. He also reorganised the brigade to match that of the Militia brigade of the same number at home.[47]

Elliott's horse Darkie. The men of the 15th Brigade credited this charger with the ability to notice and point out to Elliott any man who had not shaved or was not dressed properly. The charger was a well trained stock horse and the slightest pressure on his shoulder would cause him to stop.[48]

In March 1916, the 5th Division was sent 35 miles (56 km) across the desert to defend the Suez Canal. The crossing was first attempted by the 14th Brigade, who suffered badly. Elliott personally inspected the route, talked with officers familiar with it, and drew up a new timetable for the march, managing to get his men across with only a handful of casualties. On the march, one man forgot the ban on smoking. Elliott characteristically started to scream at the man, even threatening to shoot him. Out from the ranks came a shout: "If you shoot him, I'll shoot you." When the soldier who called out was brought forward and explained that no one talked to his brother like that, Elliott sent the man to his school for non-commissioned officers, with the rationale that anyone who could stand up to himself in full flight clearly had leadership potential.[49]

On arriving at Suez, the water that the Battalion had been promised was nowhere to be found. They were assured that the water was coming, but hours later it still had not appeared. Elliott then made one of the "vigorous protests" that he was becoming famous for. He even threatened to march them back across the Suez Canal to get them a drink. "It was outrageous to deprive men of water in the desert" Elliott thundered. He was assured that the water would be available at 5.30 the next morning. Elliott was up at 0500, and found many of his men had been unable to sleep due to their thirst, and were licking at the taps around camp. He found the camp's Chief Engineer who informed him that the Egyptian civil authorities had not provided enough water for the troops in camp, and that he had strict orders not to start the pumps before 0800, as it would wake the

II Anzac Corps Commander, Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Godley. Elliott remounted his horse and went to II Anzac Corps Headquarters, where he informed a yawning staff officer in silk pyjamas that unless the water was turned on in the next five minutes, the brigade would be assembling and telling the Corps Commander exactly what they thought of him. The staff officer made a phone call, and Elliott was warned that he shouldn't make such a fuss again. He simply replied that he would do whatever was needed to help his men whenever he had to.[50]

Western Front

The 15th Brigade embarked for the

Order of St Anna (3rd class, with swords).[55]

Major General Sir Talbot Hobbs, General Officer Commanding the 5th Division, inspecting the 59th and 60th Battalion Bands with Elliott (left)

These losses precluded the 5th Division's further involvement in the fighting in the

Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. His citation read:

For conspicuous gallantry when in command of the advanced guards of the division during an advance. The successes during a long period of almost continuous fighting, the capture of several villages, which were held against frequent and violent counter-attacks, and the slightness of our losses compared to those of the enemy were largely due to his able leadership, energy and courage.[60]

The 15th Brigade fought in the

Second Battle of Bullecourt in May 1917,[61] and the Battle of Polygon Wood at the end of September. According to Charles Bean, this victory was

largely due to the perfect protection afforded by the artillery, but also largely to the vigour with which the 15th Brigade and the troops reinforcing it snatched complete success from an almost desperate situation on the right. Elliott himself, if asked, would have said that the counter-attack at Villers-Bretonneux seven months later was the fight of his lifetime, but most of his subordinates would probably answer for him "Polygon Wood." His staunchness and vehemence, and power of instilling those qualities into his troops, had turned his brigade into a magnificently effective instrument; and the driving force of this stout-hearted leader in his inferno at Hooge throughout the two critical days was in a large measure responsible for this victory.[62]

For Elliott, the victory was marred by the death of his brother George, a captain in the Medical Corps attached to the 14th Brigade.[63] He submitted a detailed report of the battle that was highly critical of the British 33rd Division on his right flank, and which Birdwood ordered suppressed.[62] Elliott was mentioned in despatches.[64]

In March 1918, a British Army captain was apprehended in

Companion of the Order of the Bath.[68]

Bean wrote that

Even during the war, he sometimes gave the impression of boylike playing at soldiering. Yet no one was more wholly in earnest, and his powerful will and personality and control over his troops made him always a factor to be reckoned with in the AIF. They knew that he would fight tooth and nail against any order committing them to an attack that he believed to be impossible; he had saved them from one such trial near Flers in the mud of October 1916. From daily experience they trusted completely to his competence. If "the Old Man" said an operation was possible, then it was possible for the 15th Brigade. His attitude naturally led him to centre his interests on his own command. Though he was a solicitor by profession, his military career meant everything to him; his pride in his own powers and achievements was intense. But, unlike most egoists, he extended his interest to every man in his brigade, and, after his brigade, to the whole of the AIF. These proclivities-and his personal experience of troops of the British "New Army" at Fromelles, in the open warfare beyond Bapaume, at Polygon Wood, and lately in the Third and Fifth Armies-led him to be contemptuous of their fighting power ; and this, together with a hot-headed tendency to use his brigade as if it were independent of the rest of the BEF, caused not infrequent trouble, and was a chief cause of his being eventually excluded from higher command in the AIF. Nevertheless he was an outstandingly strong, capable, and sympathetic leader; and in his directness and simplicity, and in a baffling streak of humility that shot through his seemingly absorbing vanity, there were elements of real greatness.[69]

Harbonnieres captured in the Battle of Amiens

Elliott was deeply disappointed at being passed over for command of a division in favour of

Somme River, he slipped and fell in the river. The division radio network became clogged with stations repeating the message that "Pompey's fallen in the Somme".[74] During the mutinies over disbanding battalions in September 1918, Elliott was the only brigade commander with sufficient sway over his men for a battalion, the 60th, to obey his order to disband.[75]

As the members of the brigade began to return to Australia after the war, he became increasingly depressed. Eventually, he called a parade to hand out some last medals, and gave them a farewell speech to thank them for upholding his demanding standards. They were then dismissed and he returned to his paperwork. Later that afternoon, the brigade returned to his chateau preceded by bands and colours. Each company circled the chateau and cheered for their commander. Lastly, the senior colonel called for three cheers and told Elliott that the men wanted to show their appreciation for him and that, despite it being a voluntary march, everyone was there.[1] He was mentioned in despatches twice more,[76][77] and awarded the French Croix de Guerre.[78]

Political service

Portrait of Elliott by William Beckwith McInnes, 1921

Elliott embarked for Australia on the RMS Orontes on 15 May 1919, sharing a cabin with an old friend, Brigadier General

Nationalist Party of Australia on 13 December 1919. He achieved the greatest popular vote of any Victorian candidate for the Senate.[80] Moreover, he repeated this success at the 1925 election.[81] Although not naturally suited to life in the federal parliament, he made significant contributions, and was outspoken in his efforts to assist returned servicemen, particularly those with whom he had served. This outspokenness often took the form of arguing in the Senate in relation to new legislation being brought before it, when such legislation involved the defence forces. At other times, he would personally champion the cause of those men who had been in his battalion.[82]

In 1919, Elliott became Melbourne's

Royal Commission on the Navigation Act.[84] He received special thanks from the Premier of Victoria, Harry Lawson.[1] He built a house at 56 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, where he lived with his wife, children, sister-in-law Belle, and mother-in-law, Mary Campbell, until she died in 1923. He often attended functions escorted by Belle. Violet attended Fintona Girls' School while Neil went to Camberwell Grammar School.[85]

With considerable justice, Elliott felt that he had been sidelined by the new leadership of the Australian Army. This was most probably due to his tactlessness, particularly in relation to post-war changes of policy, and regarding the wartime records of some of those now being selected for the prime military appointments, particularly Lieutenant General Sir Brudenell White, who was now the Chief of the General Staff. In 1921, the Army established a division structure, and the two divisions in Victoria, the 3rd and 4th were given to Gellibrand and Charles Brand respectively. Elliott used the Senate as a forum to protest this, and he was supported by fellow senators and generals, Charlie Cox and Edmund Drake-Brockman.[86] White was succeeded as Chief of the General Staff by Lieutenant General Sir Harry Chauvel in 1926, and he moved to rehabilitate Elliott, who was appointed to command the 15th Brigade again. In 1927, he was finally promoted to the rank of major general, and became the commander of the 3rd Division.[87]

Death

Statue of Elliott in Ballarat

Increasingly, Elliott suffered from

Alfred Hospital on 16 February 1931 after making an attempt to gas himself in the oven at his house. His older sister Nell died by suicide, as had a niece. Early on the morning of 23 March 1931, Elliott committed suicide by cutting himself with his shaving razor while an inpatient in a private hospital in Malvern.[88]

Elliott's funeral took place on 25 March. Following a short service at his home, his casket was drawn, with full military honours including bands and an escort party, on a gun carriage pulled by horses resplendent with black plumes, to the

J. C. Stewart.[90]
His grave bears the epitaph (from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) "This was a man".

His papers are held by the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.[91]

In popular culture

Elliott was portrayed by Francis Bell in the 1985 Anzacs television miniseries.[92]

Pompey Elliott was one of the six Australians whose war experiences were presented in The War That Changed Us, a four-part television documentary series about Australia's involvement in World War I.[93]

A street in Ascot Vale, Victoria, was created in the Whiskey Hill subdivision around 6 km north of Melbourne in around 1930 and named after Elliott. The street is called Elliott Street and is a time capsule of early 1930s architecture.[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ^
    ISSN 1833-7538
    .
  2. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 5–9.
  3. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 10–12.
  4. ^ "Mining News". The West Australian. Vol. 10, no. 2, 615. Western Australia. 3 July 1894. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ Kimberly 1897, p. 316.
  6. ^ a b McMullin 2002, p. 20.
  7. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 666.
  8. ^ "Ballarat Clarendon College". Facebook. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  9. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 25.
  10. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 26–30.
  11. The Australasian
    . Vol. LXVIII, no. 1771. Victoria, Australia. 10 March 1900. p. 33. Retrieved 2 April 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 36–38.
  13. ^ "Imperial Contingent". The Age. No. 14, 089. Victoria, Australia. 2 May 1900. p. 7. Retrieved 2 April 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 42–45.
  15. ^ "No. 27298". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 March 1901. p. 2103.
  16. ^ "Distinguished Conduct Medal". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  17. ^ "No. 27311". The London Gazette. 7 May 1901. p. 3114.
  18. ^ "No. 27248". The London Gazette. 20 November 1900. p. 7138.
  19. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 46–48.
  20. ^ "No. 27334". The London Gazette. 16 July 1901. p. 4711.
  21. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 51–52.
  22. ^ "Nominal roll of the Cape Colony Cyclist Corps". britishmedals.us. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  23. ^ a b McMullin 2002, pp. 52–54.
  24. ^ Bean 1933, p. 154.
  25. ^ "Border Scouts". Anglo Boer War website. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g "World War 1 Military service record for Harold Edward Elliott". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  27. ^ a b McMullin 2002, pp. 55–58.
  28. ^ "George Elliott – Player Bio". Australian Football. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  29. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 58–63.
  30. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 78–85.
  31. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 87–90.
  32. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 108.
  33. ^ a b McMullin 2002, pp. 97–98.
  34. ^ "AFL Tables – Fred Elliott – Stats – Statistics". Australian Football League. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  35. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 508.
  36. ^ Bean 1921, pp. 324–326.
  37. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 113–115.
  38. ^ Bean 1921, pp. 361–363.
  39. ^ Bean 1921, pp. 371–372.
  40. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 121–123.
  41. ^ Bean 1924, pp. 332–336.
  42. ^ Bean 1924, pp. 555–564.
  43. ^ a b McMullin 2002, p. 161.
  44. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 166–167.
  45. ^ "No. 29455". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1916. p. 1208.
  46. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 181.
  47. ^ a b Bean 1929, p. 52.
  48. ^ "Australian War Memorial Image E02383". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  49. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 190–192.
  50. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 192–193.
  51. ^ Bean 1929, pp. 346–347.
  52. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 220–222.
  53. ^ "No. 29886". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1916. p. 5.
  54. ^ "No. 29890". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1917. p. 195.
  55. ^ "No. 29945". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 February 1917. p. 1600.
  56. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 240–241.
  57. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 243–244.
  58. ^ Bean 1933, pp. 152–154.
  59. ^ "No. 30107". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 June 1917. p. 5419.
  60. ^ "No. 30188". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 July 1917. p. 7214.
  61. ^ Bean 1933, pp. 529–533.
  62. ^ a b Bean 1933, pp. 831–832.
  63. ^ Bean 1933, p. 825.
  64. ^ "No. 30448". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 December 1917. p. 13563.
  65. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 372–373.
  66. ^ Bean 1937, p. 638.
  67. ^ "No. 30706". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 May 1918. p. 6200.
  68. ^ "No. 30716". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6452.
  69. ^ Bean 1937, p. 523.
  70. ^ Bean 1942, p. 198.
  71. ^ Bean 1942, p. 326.
  72. ^ Bean 1942, pp. 579–582.
  73. ^ Bean 1942, p. 781.
  74. ^ Bean 1942, p. 851.
  75. ^ Bean 1942, p. 939.
  76. ^ "No. 31089". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 15225.
  77. ^ "No. 31448". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 July 1919. p. 8826.
  78. ^ "No. 31109". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 January 1919. p. 313.
  79. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 509.
  80. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 534.
  81. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 600–604.
  82. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 590–591.
  83. ^ "Death of Senator H. E. Elliott". The Age. No. 23, 698. Victoria, Australia. 24 March 1931. p. 7. Retrieved 19 May 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  84. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 586–590.
  85. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 574–577.
  86. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 542–548.
  87. ^ McMullin 2002, p. 610.
  88. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 22–23, 652–655.
  89. ^ McMullin 2002, pp. 656–662.
  90. ^ "Funeral of Major-General H. E. Elliott". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 26, 400. Victoria, Australia. 26 March 1931. p. 5. Retrieved 10 April 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  91. ^ "Guide to the papers of Brigadier Harold Edward 'Pompey' Elliott, CB, CMG, DSO, DCM, VD". Australian War Memorial. 3DRL/3328. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  92. ^ "Francis Bell Actor". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  93. ^ "The War That Changed Us". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harold Edward Elliott.
Military offices
Preceded by
Major General George Johnston
 General Officer Commanding 3rd Division
1927–1931 		Succeeded by
Major General Sir Thomas Blamey
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