Harry Oakes

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Sir
Harry Oakes
Bt
Oakes in 1925
Born
Harry Oakes

(1874-12-23)December 23, 1874
Sangerville, Maine, U.S.
DiedJuly 7, 1943(1943-07-07) (aged 68)
Nassau, Bahamas
CitizenshipBritish
EducationFoxcroft Academy
Alma materBowdoin College
Syracuse University
OccupationBusinessman
SpouseEunice Myrtle McIntyre
Children5
Parent(s)William Pitt Oakes
Edith Nancy Lewis

Sir Harry Oakes, 1st Baronet (23 December 1874 – 7 July 1943) was a British

British citizen and was granted the hereditary title of baronet
in 1939.

Oakes was murdered in 1943 under mysterious circumstances, and the subsequent trial ended with acquittal of the accused. No further legal proceedings have taken place on the matter, the cause of death and the details surrounding it have never been entirely determined (though are thought to be unusually grisly) and the case has been the subject of several books and four films.

Biography

Early life

Harry and Eunice Oakes in Toronto in the 1930s

Oakes was born in Sangerville, Maine, one of five children of William Pitt Oakes and Edith Nancy Lewis. His father was a prosperous lawyer. Harry Oakes graduated from Foxcroft Academy and went on to Bowdoin College in 1896,[1] and he spent two years at the Syracuse University Medical School.[2] One of his sisters, Gertrude Oakes, died in the 1935 sinking of the ocean liner SS Mohawk off the New Jersey coast.[citation needed]

Mining career

In 1898, Oakes left medical school before graduation and made his way to Alaska, at the height of the Klondike Gold Rush, in hopes of making his fortune as a prospector. For 15 years, he sought gold around the world, from California to Australia.[3]

Oakes arrived in Kirkland Lake in Northern Ontario, Canada, on 19 June 1911.[4] On September 23, 1911, he registered the transfer of claim T-1663, purchased from George Minaker, and established Lake Shore Mine.[4][2] Twenty years later, the gold mine was the most productive in the Western Hemisphere, and it ultimately proved to be the second-largest gold mine in the Americas. His lavish lifestyle included a 1928 Hispano-Suiza H6B luxury car.[5]

Moves to Bahamas, is created baronet

Bahamas House of Assembly

Oakes became a

Bahamas for tax reasons from 1935 until his death (He was paying 85% under the Canadian tax code prior to his move). He was invited to the British colony by Sir Harold Christie
, a prominent Bahamian real estate developer and legislator, who became a close business associate and friend.

In 1939, Oakes was created a

House of Assembly.[2]

Bahamian investments

Oakes soon proved to be a dynamic investor, entrepreneur and developer in the Bahamas. He had a major role in expanding the airport, Oakes Field, in the capital

British Colonial Hilton Nassau; built a golf course and country club; and developed farming and new housing. All of this activity greatly stimulated the struggling economy, with only about 70,000 inhabitants in the early 1940s. This activity took place mainly on the principal island of New Providence; it was estimated that Oakes owned about one-third of that island by the early 1940s.[2] Oakes had become the colony's wealthiest, most powerful, and most important resident by the early 1940s.[7]

Personal life

On 30 June 1923, Oakes married Eunice Myrtle McIntyre in

Sydney, Australia
. They had met aboard a cruise ship, and she was approximately half his age when they married.

They eventually had five children:[7]

  • Nancy Oakes (1925–2005),[8] who in 1942 married Count[9] Alfred de Marigny (1910–1998) at the age of 18.[10] They separated in 1945 and divorced in 1949.[11] She later had a longstanding relationship with British actor Richard Greene (1918–1985), with whom she had a daughter. In 1952, she married Baron Ernst Lyssardt von Hoyningen-Huene, with whom she had one son before their divorce in 1956. Nancy's children are:
    • Patricia Luisa Oakes (born 1951-2012), who married Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (1914–1988) in 1977, with whom she had one son before divorcing in 1981. Patricia later married Robert Leigh-Wood in 1984,[12] with whom she had a daughter.[13] Patricia's children are:
      • John Alexander Roosevelt (born 1977)[13]
      • Shirley Leigh-Wood Oakes (born 1985)
    • Baron Alexander V. "Sasha" Hoynengen-Huene (born 1955)
  • Sir Sydney Oakes, 2nd Baronet of Nassau (1927–1966), who died in a car accident aged 39.[11]
    • Sir Christopher Oakes, 3rd Baronet of Nassau (born 1949)
  • Shirley Oakes (1929-1986), who was involved in a car accident in 1981[12] that left her in a coma.[11]
  • William Pitt Oakes (1930–1958), who died of an overdose aged 28.[11]
  • Harry Philip Oakes (born 1932)[11]

Oakes became interested in golf and, in the late 1920s, hired top golf course architect Stanley Thompson to build a nine-hole course for him, the "Sir Harry Oakes Private Course" in Niagara Falls, Ontario.[14] Completed in 1929, the course is now the Oak Hall Par 3 public course.[15]

Murder

Oakes was murdered sometime after midnight on July 8, 1943. He was struck four times behind the left ear with a miner's hand pick, to disguise the wounds from a silver ice pick (Simpsons of the Strand), and was then burned all over his body using insecticide, with the flames being concentrated around the eyes. His body was then sprinkled with feathers from a mattress. When Oakes was discovered, the feathers were still being gently blown over his body by the bedroom fan.[16]

Investigation and trial

The Bahamas’

Etienne Dupuch, the colony's foremost newspaper publisher and a close friend of Oakes, ensured constant coverage of the case for the several months which followed.[2] Dupuch had called the Oakes residence early on the morning after the crime, since he had previously arranged to visit, and spoke with Harold Christie, who had stayed there overnight; Christie reported the death to Dupuch.[18]

The Duke believed that the local police lacked the expertise to investigate the crime, and since World War II was raging, making it difficult to bring detectives from Scotland Yard in London, which was what normally would have been done, the Duke turned to two American policemen he knew in the Miami force. The Bahamas was a British Crown Colony at the time, and there were British Security personnel stationed in wartime in New York City and Washington, D.C. who could potentially have traveled easily and quickly to Nassau for an investigation. Bringing in the Miami Captains Melchen and Barker (Melchen had earlier guarded the Duke in Miami) proved an unfortunate decision.[19]

The two American detectives were, in theory, called upon to assist Bahamian law enforcement, but to the dismay of the local police, they completely took over the investigation. The two American policemen had forgotten their fingerprint kits in Miami, and in any case, the local Bahamas police force did have fingerprint kits available right in Nassau.

playboy manners and lack of a meaningful career, the fact that he had been married twice before for short periods to wealthy women, and that he had not asked Oakes' permission to marry Nancy. Oakes and de Marigny had quarreled on several occasions, witnessed by other people.[19]

When Nancy was informed of her father's death and her husband's arrest, she was in Miami on her way for the summer to study dance with Martha Graham at Bennington, Vermont. It was her great friend Merce Cunningham who gave her the bad news. She then traveled to Bar Harbor, Maine, the family's summer home, to join her mother, at her husband's request. But Nancy soon returned to Nassau and began to organize her husband's defence. She was convinced that de Marigny was innocent and stood by him when many others, including her family, believed him guilty. The young countess soon became a favourite with the press worldwide for her auburn hair, deep-set eyes, fine figure and mild resemblance to Katharine Hepburn. The murder managed to knock the war off the front pages temporarily. Nancy spent heavily to hire a leading American private investigator, Raymond Schindler, to dig deeply into the case, and a prominent British-trained Bahamian lawyer, Godfrey W. Higgs, to defend her husband. They eventually found serious flaws in the prosecution's case.[10]

De Marigny was committed for trial, and a rope was ordered for his hanging. However, he was

acquitted in a trial that lasted several weeks, after the detectives were suspected of fabricating evidence against him. The chief piece of evidence was a fingerprint of his, which Captain Barker claimed had been found on a Chinese screen in Oakes' bedroom where the body had been found. Later, it was discovered that the print had been lifted from the water glass that de Marigny had used during his questioning by the Miami Police captains, and that de Marigny was being framed.[3]

Immediately after Oakes' funeral had been held in Bar Harbor, Maine (the family's summer home), Captain Barker, visiting by invitation, told Nancy and Lady Oakes that he had already positively identified de Marigny's fingerprints on the Chinese screen, justifying de Marigny's status as the main suspect. Very detailed and thorough cross-examination at the trial, several months later, by de Marigny's lawyer showed that Barker had not in fact positively identified the single fingerprint as belonging to de Marigny until several days later than he had originally claimed - after he had returned to Miami - and that Barker had taken several dozen other fingerprints from Oakes' bedroom, many of which were still unprocessed weeks later. An American fingerprint expert witness, testifying for the defence, called into question the professionalism of the techniques used by Captain Barker in the investigation. The expert testified that the de Marigny print very likely could not have come from the Chinese screen, since none of the background pattern design from the screen appeared on the de Marigny print photograph, although other photos of fingerprints lifted from the screen showed this pattern. De Marigny testified that he had not visited Westbourne, Oakes' home and the murder site, for two years before Oakes' death, because of ongoing conflict with Oakes. Several of de Marigny's dinner party guests from the fateful night testified at the trial, and strengthened de Marigny's alibi that he was hosting the party, and later drove several guests to their homes, late at night, with a witness in the car, near the time when the murder was committed. The approximate time of the murder had been determined by two Bahamian medical examiners.[20] Significantly, the Duke of Windsor arranged to be away from the Bahamas while the murder trial was in progress so he was not available to be called as a witness.[20]

Oakes' murderer has never been found, and there were no court proceedings in the case after de Marigny's acquittal.

Etienne Dupuch.[21]

Aftermath

After the trial Nancy went with de Marigny to Cuba to stay with their old friend Ernest Hemingway. De Marigny was deported to Cuba after a recommendation by the murder trial's jury, because of his supposedly unsavoury character and frequent advances towards young girls in the Bahamas. De Marigny and Nancy separated in 1945, and divorced in 1949. He moved to Canada in 1945 and served for a time in the Canadian Army, but was later deported from Canada. He married his fourth wife, settled in Central America, and died in 1998. De Marigny was a tall,[22] handsome man, a charming and bright conversationalist and an accomplished competitive sailor who won many regattas,[23] and he later wrote two books.

Nancy had left Cuba by the late 1940s, and lived in

Hollywood, California, where she had a long affair with 1950s English Hollywood film and British TV star Richard Greene. They had a daughter, Patricia Oakes. She remained close friends with Greene until his death in 1985. In 1952 she married Baron Ernst Lyssardt von Hoyningen-Huene (adopted cousin of the artist George Hoyningen-Huene, the only son of Baron Barthold Theodor Hermann (Theodorovitch) von Hoyningen-Huene, a German nobleman who had estates in Estonia that were confiscated by the Soviets during World War II and was the German ambassador to Portugal during World War II,[24]
). They had a son, Baron Alexander von Hoyningen-Huene. The marriage lasted until 1956. Nancy died in 2005 and was survived by her two children and two grandchildren.

Oakes' legacy

former home in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, is now the Museum of Northern History, dedicated to his life and to the region's mining history. Kirkland Lake is where he made his fortune as a prospector. He was inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame
.

The

Dover-Foxcroft
, Maine, has its football field named after Harry Oakes.

He was portrayed by Scott Hylands in "Rex v De Marigny", a 1993 dramatization of the murder trial for the Canadian drama anthology series Scales of Justice.[25]

Niagara Falls: Investments and philanthropy

Oakes Park

During the Great Depression, Oakes donated a 16-acre (65,000 m2) parcel of land in what is now the central area of Niagara Falls, Ontario. He funded a make-work project and supplied tools[26] to build a park at the location. Crews worked for $1 per day, switching every five days to permit as much employment as possible.[27]

Oakes Park was opened on August 31, 1931. It is a multi-use, municipally owned and operated recreational complex. The main facilities are a baseball stadium used by the Greater Niagara Baseball Association and other elite youth and senior baseball clubs, two smaller baseball fields for younger divisions, a soccer pitch, and

athletics
facilities including a 400-metre track. The main baseball diamond has outfield dimensions of 318-402-322 ft, and has a press box, electronic scoreboard, and clubhouses.

Oakes Garden Theatre

Designed as an

Clifton Hill and Niagara Parkway to the commission in 1936. The landscape architecture was done by Howard and Lorrie Dunington-Grubb,[28] the building's architect was William Lyon Somerville with sculptures by Florence Wyle, Frances Loring and Elizabeth Wyn Wood.[29]

Oak Hall

Oakes bought property just above Dufferin Islands from the estate of Walter H. Shoellkopf, on July 15, 1924.[30] He constructed a 37-room Tudor- style mansion (by Findlay and Foulis in 1929 and later gatehouse and stables in 1931),[31] where he and his wife lived from 1928 to 1935, known as Oak Hall. Oakes moved to the Bahamas afterward, due to what he felt was excessive taxation by the Canadian government (85%) - the Bahamas were virtually tax-free. Oakes' son, Sir Sydney Oakes, later occupied the residence. Since 1982, Oak Hall has been the headquarters for the Niagara Parks Commission. A portion of the estate was sold off in the 1960s and is part of Marineland of Canada.

American philanthropy and business dealings

The Willows

In 1938 Oakes and his family purchased a summer home called "The Willows" in

Bar Harbor, Maine, designed by the firm of Andrews, Jacques and Rantoul in 1913. Lady Eunice Oakes gave it to Bowdoin College in 1958 and operated it as the Oakes Center, a conference center, till the early 1970s when it was sold to brothers James and Sonny Cough. They developed the land and built an oceanfront hotel consisting of several buildings called the Atlantic Oakes. Much of the mansion was significantly altered and covered in vinyl siding. It is now called The Atlantic Oceanside Hotel.[32]

Foxcroft Academy

Oakes graduated from Foxcroft Academy in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, founded in 1823, three years after statehood, one of the very few public high school "academies" left in Maine. The present campus is on the former Oakes farm on outer Main Street on the way to Sangerville, his birthplace.

Real estate investment in Florida

After the disastrous

Florida Hurricane of 1928 and the Great Depression, Oakes bought 2,600 acres (11 km2) of partially developed land in northern Palm Beach County, Florida, from Harry Seymour Kelsey, who lacked the finances to rebuild his shattered development. Oakes spent a great deal of money on development of this property, which was later bought by John D. MacArthur, who completed its development. It includes most of North Palm Beach, Lake Park, Palm Beach Gardens and Palm Beach Shores. Oakes' castle-like home in North Palm Beach became the clubhouse for the village country club.[33]

Books and films about the Oakes case

# Date Name Author/Director Notes
1 1959 The Murder of Sir Harry Oakes Bahamas Tribune newspaper Published in Nassau by the colony's leading newspaper, which was edited at the time by
Etienne Dupuch
.
2 1959 The Life and Death of Sir Harry Oakes Geoffrey Bocca Published in the United States by
Doubleday and Company
. Bocca, then working as a bartender in New York City, had met private detective Raymond Schindler, one of his customers, who had investigated the Oakes case for Nancy. Bocca used Schindler's notes, researched the case very thoroughly, and his book was a best-seller.
3 1972 (1st ed)
1976 (2nd ed) 		Kings X

Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes? 		Marshall Houts The 1st edition (1972 book Kings X) and the second edition (1976 as Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?) was published in London by Robert Hale publishers. Houts was an American lawyer, and an
Duchess of Windsor to stay at Westbourne while their official residence, Government House, was being renovated, and the Duke had slept in the bed where Oakes' body was found.[34] It had troubled Bahamian legal authorities in the lead-up to the de Marigny trial that Oakes' body had apparently been moved, ascertained by examination of blood data, which showed blood flowing uphill, according to the case presented by prosecutors.[35] Houts also wrote that Lansky later privately punished his henchmen who had been involved with the murder, but did not specify the punishment.[2]
4 1983 (reissued in 2001 and 2011) Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes? James Leasor Leasor's book relates, in parallel with the events of the Oakes murder, the two major events of World War II's Operation Underworld: the security of the New York waterfront after the 1942 fire and sinking of the SS Normandie and the Allied invasion of Sicily. The device is the inclusion of Meyer Lansky's involvement in both the Bahamas tourism development and his liaison with Lucky Luciano whose was the knowledge in effecting the New York and Sicily operations' success. The reader receives no conclusions regarding this authorial construction. It was the basis of a TV movie, Passion and Paradise, starring Rod Steiger in 1989.
5 1984
Eureka
 		Nicolas Roeg The film
Eureka, starring Gene Hackman, who played Jack McCann, was based upon Oakes.[36]
6 1988 King of Fools John Parker One theory put forward in the book, which was a
Duchess of Windsor contrived to be visiting the United States during the de Marigny trial, so the Duke was not called as a witness.[37] The Duke kept silent about the murder for the rest of his life.[38]
7 1989 Passion and Paradise Harvey Hart Television movie made about the case starring Armand Assante as de Marigny and Rod Steiger (with an inaccurate Maine accent) as Oakes.
8 1988 (1st ed)
2005 (2nd ed) 		The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life Charles Higham Higham wrote about the case in the first (1988) and second (2005) editions of his biography of the Duchess of Windsor. He devoted a chapter, entitled 'Crime of the Century' in the first edition, and 'Death in Nassau' in the second edition, to the case. He carried out a thorough investigation with the assistance of modern experts in criminology. He also dug deeply into archival sources, including previously-classified files of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation. His conclusion in both the first and second editions is that Oakes was murdered by an African ritual specialist from South Florida, who had been hired and brought into Nassau by airplane on the day before the murder, by Harold Christie, a Bahamian mulatto business associate of Oakes. Christie and Oakes, the much wealthier man, had been friends and business partners for many years, and Christie had facilitated Oakes' move to the Bahamas. The two had apparently fallen out shortly before Oakes' death, because of Christie's dealings over the sale of Bahamian property on the island of New Providence, which was scheduled to be used for a new airfield by the Royal Air Force, a project of which the Duke of Windsor would certainly have been aware and involved with, since it had important strategic and economic implications, and would involve large expenses. Christie, a member of the colony's House of Assembly, had been a dinner guest at Oakes' home on the evening the murder occurred, and had stayed overnight in Oakes' home on many previous occasions. Christie said that he had slept in a bedroom the night of the murder, only a few metres away from that of Oakes on the night of the murder, and claimed he had neither heard nor seen anything suspicious. Christie had to take the witness stand for an extended period during the de Marigny trial, and his testimony was not convincing to the jury. Christie was later knighted for his contributions to the Bahamas, and died a wealthy man in 1973. He had apparently told close friends several years afterwards that he was directly involved in Oakes' murder.[39]
9 1990 A Conspiracy of Crowns Alfred de Marigny and Mickey Herskowitz Alfred de Marigny—the accused killer in the Oakes trial—wrote his own account, along with Mickey Herskowitz, published in 1990.
10 1994 "Carnal Hours: A Nathan Heller Mystery" Max Allan Collins Another fictionalized account concerning the death of Sir Harry, with speculations concerning the killer(s). This was the sixth novel in the historical fiction series featuring private detective Nathan Heller.
11 2002 Any Human Heart William Boyd The murder was fictionalized in Boyd's novel in which a British spy, sent to keep an eye on the Duke, refuses to help the US detectives frame de Marigny for the crime. In 2010 the novel was adapted as a British TV serial of the same name.
12 2003 A Question of Evidence: The Casebook of Great Forensic Controversies, from Napoleon to O.J. Colin Evans Details: Publisher John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA;
ISBN 0-471-44014-0
. This book was written by experienced forensics author Colin Evans, who has written several prior similar books. Evans writes concisely and thoroughly in this volume. He examines in detail 15 of the most important and controversial forensics cases throughout history, including a chapter on the Oakes case: 'Alfred de Marigny', pp. 90–103. Evans focuses on the Oakes murder and its bungled forensics aspects, including a planted fingerprint, which, when brought to the murder trial of de Marigny, with precise and strong cross-examination by the accused's lawyer, proved decisive in securing de Marigny's acquittal.
13 2005 Blood and Fire: the Duke of Windsor and the Strange Murder of Sir Harry Oakes John Marquis Marquis' book was described by American reviewer Art Paine as 'the best written of all the Oakes books to date' and by Sir Christopher Ondaatje in Canada's National Post as the most 'explicitly accusatory' of all the Oakes books. Marquis dismisses the Lansky theories, and claims the murder was strictly a local affair, with white Bahamian businessmen—including Sir Harold Christie—getting rid of Oakes to prevent movement of his vast fortune to Mexico, a move that would have undermined the Bahamian economy. Marquis, who was editor of Nassau's leading daily newspaper for ten years, also believes the Duke conspired to frame de Marigny by hiring two crooked Miami detectives to conduct the murder investigation. This, he maintains, was also to prevent inquiries by the FBI and Scotland Yard, who he feared would expose his own involvement in illegal money transfers to Mexico during wartime currency restrictions. Marquis makes two very significant revelations in support of his theories: one concerns a passport found amongst rubble in a Nassau street, the other a comment from the Bahamas police chief who was transferred to Trinidad and Tobago at the height of the Oakes inquiries (also used by other authors). He also cites the involvement of the Oakes' family lawyer, Walter Foskett, who he claims was robbing Oakes and was in dispute with him at the time of the killing. Blood and Fire was listed in the Wall Street Journal among the top five books about unsolved crimes.
14 2006 A Serpent in Eden James Owen Owen's book on the Oakes murder
Nassau International Airport
, and was scheduled to fly to Miami to make a statement to the authorities the day after he was murdered.
15 2019 Murdered Midas: A Millionaire, His Gold Mine, and a Strange Death on an Island Paradise Charlotte Gray A Canadian author delves very deeply into the life and death of Harry Oakes, in this most recently published book; Toronto, 2019, by HarperCollins.
16 2021 Traitor King: The Scandalous Exile of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor Andrew Lownie Scottish historian Andrew Lownie includes a chapter on the Oakes murder in his new, very thoroughly researched work. Lownie cited brief information about a long-forgotten 1959 Canadian TV program on the case. Lownie concisely hits most of the major points made by earlier writers who have examined the case. But he also includes sources which avow that $15 million was missing, and never publicly found, from the very wealthy estate of Oakes after his death. This money had been secretly sent earlier to Mexico by Oakes, for investments there, to escape wartime currency controls. Lownie avers this money was later equally divided three ways, by the Duke of Windsor, Bahamian business and political powerhouse Harold Christie, and the senior banker brother of the Mexican president; these three were supposedly the only ones who knew of the secret transaction. Lownie believes this was the real motive for the Oakes murder, which was likely arranged by Christie, a close friend of Oakes, who slept overnight at his home the night of the murder. Christie stood to lose heavily should Oakes have continued to withdraw money on this scale from the weak Bahamian economy.

References

  1. ^ Time magazine, July 18, 1943.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?, by Marshall Houts, 1976
  3. ^ a b Houts, 1976
  4. ^ a b Pain, S.A. (1960). Three Miles of Gold: The Story of Kirkland Lake. Toronto: The Ryerson Press. p. 17.
  5. ^ "The ex-Sir Harry Oakes, 1928 Hispano-Suiza H6B 37.2hp Sedanca de Ville 11888". Bonhams.
  6. ^ Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?, by Marshall Houts, 1976, pp. 12-13.
  7. ^ a b King of Fools, by John Parker (author), St. Martin's Press, 1988.
  8. ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths HOYNINGEN, HUENE, NANCY OAKES V". The New York Times. 19 January 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  9. ISBN 0-88882-201-4
    . The issue of whether de Marigny was a bona fide member of the nobility is a matter of some speculation.... Later, in court, he would deny that he had ever described himself as a count, but both his first wife Ruth, whom he divorced after a few months, and Nancy Oakes called themselves countesses.
  10. ^ a b King of Fools, by John Parker (author), St. Martin's Press, 1988; Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes, by Marshall Houts, 1976.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Nancy Oakes von Hoyningen-Huene". The Times. 21 January 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  12. ^ a b "History". jacarandahousenassau.com. Jacaranda House Nassau. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b Laskey, Margaux (18 September 2010). "Lacy Garcia, Jack Roosevelt". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  14. ISBN 0-8317-3943-6
    .
  15. ^ "The Courses".
  16. ^ Flame of Power: Intimate Profiles of Canada's Greatest Businessmen, by Peter C. Newman, 1959, pp. 127.
  17. ^ The Woman He Loved by Ralph G. Martin, 1974, Simon and Schuster, New York
  18. ^ a b c Martin, 1974
  19. ^ a b Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?, by Marshall Houts, Robert Hale, 1976; King of Fools, by John Parker (author), St. Martin's Press, 1988
  20. ^ a b Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?, by Marshall Houts, Robert Hale, 1976.
  21. ^ The Woman He Loved, by Ralph G. Martin, 1974, Simon and Schuster, New York
  22. ^ a b Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes?, by Marshall Houts, Robert Hale, 1976
  23. ^ King of Fools, by John Parker (author), 1988
  24. ^ Bodyguard of Lies, by Anthony Cave Brown, 1975
  25. ^ Tony Atherton, "Oakes murder mystery an alluring TV drama". Ottawa Citizen, October 31, 1993.
  26. ^ GNBA History Archived 2006-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Dakin, Dan (17 January 2006). "History touches 'em all: GNBA, Oakes Park rounding bases with momentum after 75 years". Niagara Falls Review. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
  28. ^ "Biography of the Dunington-Grubbs". Whitehern Museum Archives. April 1989. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  29. ^ "Niagara Parks Commission's Oakes Garden Theatre and Rainbow Gardens Artwork - Arts and Culture Wall of Fame". Niagara Parks Commission. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  30. ^ "History of Oak Hall". niagaraparks.com. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  31. ^ "Findlay, Claude Alexander | Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada". dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  32. ^ "The Willows - the Atlantic Oakes, Resort and Conference Center - Bar Harbor, Maine". Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  33. ^ McGoun, William E., Southeast Florida Pioneers: The Palm and Treasure Coasts, 1998, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, pp. 111 and 167
  34. ^ Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes? by Marshall Houts, 1976.
  35. ISBN 0-312-02598-X
    , pp. 275-278; Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes? by Marshall Houts, Robert Hale, 1976.
  36. ^ NICHOLAS ROEG – INTERVIEWED BY HARLAN KENNEDY at americancinemapapers.homestead.com
  37. ^ King of Fools, by John Parker, American edition, St Martin's Press, 1988.
  38. ^ Who Killed Sir Harry Oakes, by Marshall Houts, Robert Hale, 1976.
  39. ^ The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life, second edition, by Charles Higham, 2005; chapter 'Death in Nassau', pp. 381-404.
  40. ISBN 0-349-11541-9
  41. ^ "Lion Television, Murder in Paradise". Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2006.

Further reading

External links
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baronet

(of Nassau)
1939–1943 		Succeeded by
Sydney Oakes
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