Heavy metal lyrics
Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal artists. Given that there are many genres of heavy metal, it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes. In 1989, two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate "on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented" in any form of popular music.[1] Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are "overwhelmingly dominated" by "ugly and unhappy" themes which express "no hope" for the future.[2]
The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism. According to Jon Pareles, "Heavy metal's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal. With grunts, moans and subliterary lyrics, it celebrates a party without limits. The bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic."[6] Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal, and others[7] have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult. During the 1980s, the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics, particularly those in heavy metal songs.[8] The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal. Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence, substance abuse, perversion, S&M, and Satanism.[9] Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy's claims were valid. In Walser's analysis, the dominant theme in the metal songs was "longing for intensity"; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon.[9] Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs: he found that the top three messages were "grim themes" about violence, angst and protest.[10]
Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms. In 1985,
History
There were "heavy"-sounding bands before
Deriving from the heavy metal genre's roots in blues music, sex is another important topic—a thread running from Led Zeppelin's suggestive lyrics to the more explicit references of glam metal and nu metal bands.[15] Some themes are excluded in most heavy metal, such as optimistic, hope-filled songs, songs about romantic love or songs with a 1960s counterculture message of trying to change the world.[16] In general, metal lyrics are not lighthearted [3] and they do typically not make use of satire.[17]
Research by Karen Bettez Halnon showed that songs enjoyed by heavy metal fans are seen as an alternative to listening to the "impersonal, conformist, superficial and numbing realities of [the] commercialism" that's present in popular, non-niche music genres.[18]
Themes
Occult
Death metal songs involve themes of "horror, gore and environmental and social decay", including descriptions of dismemberment and "botched forensic procedures."[20] James Parker states that while the use of Hell- and underworld-oriented themes in heavy metal can be "dark and disturbing", they are "honest about human nature", and as such, listening to metal lyrics can be beneficial for listeners' mental health (he says metal lyrics can "keep us sane").[22]
War and violence
A key theme in heavy metal lyrics is the "pointless horror and destruction of war".[21] A number of heavy metal songs criticize war, including "War Pigs" (Black Sabbath); "One" (Metallica); "Symphony of Destruction" (Megadeth) and "Now You've Got Something To Die For" (Lamb of God).[21] Heavy metal has a "lyrical fixation with dark themes, including war, destruction, doom and misery."[23] Heavy metal lyrics focus on the "poetics of destruction", such as "death, mutilation and physical violence."[24] Ronald Pogue states that death metal songs have "violent, aggressive and angry lyrics".[25] Later thrash metal bands' songs "questioned injustices such as warfare".[26]
Religion
Even the earliest heavy metal used religion in its lyrical themes, notably Black Sabbath, which usually performed with a crucifix, even though their music had messages about black magic.[27] In the 1980s groups such as Slayer and Venom showed a "fascination with religion", which can be seen in "Slayer's groundbreaking 1986 album "Reign in Blood", which features "Larry Carroll's satanic-themed cover art."[27] Metal bands may have been fascinated with religion to antagonize "conservative Christian groups" that criticized metal.[27] Through the late 1980s and into the early 1990s, anti-Christian messages in metal got more extreme, with Deicide releasing songs such as "Kill the Christian."[27]
Some metal songs criticize religion, such as "
Women
Heavy metal lyrics have been called "...callous toward women"
Cope states that there are styles of rock music that contain misogynistic lyrics, but he says this is mostly "blues-based rock music" and "cock rock".[31] Contrary to the claims of anti-metal critics, Cope states that "metal has opened up a space for women", and there has been significant growth" in the number of female metal performers since the mid-1990s.[32] Some metal bands even have male/female co-lead vocalists (e.g., Nightwish and Lacuna Coil) and in the 2000s, mainstream metal magazines such as Terrorizer have had a number of articles and cover stories about female metal artists.[33]
Drugs and alcohol
Heavy metal lyrics make references to "
In an analysis of Black Sabbath songs from 1970 to 2013, 13% of the songs had substance use references; however, 60% of these references depicted substance use in a negative way.[23] "Contrary to the notion that heavy metal music glorifies or encourages substance use..., Black Sabbath's lyrics...weave a cautionary tale of how persistent substance use can hijack free will, become the dominant focus" of the user's life, and lead to misery.[23] Although the early albums had some positive references to drugs, but almost all of the later albums' references to drug use were negative, with songs alluding to the "misery of having their life ruled (and possibly ruined) by drug use.[37] Black Sabbath songs warn listeners that they can lose their dignity and end up "constantly suffering", due to the "raw horror of addiction".[38]
Finnish metal bands from the 1990s such as Niskalaukaus, Kotiteollisuus and Viikate have songs that about "problem drinking" and the "misery of alcoholism", which describe situations where men try to "escape from the miseries of life" and deal with their shame by "excessive drinking".[34]
Rock and roll and metal
There are a number of metal songs which "praise rock or rock and roll", but these songs should not be thought of literally, as extolling the merits of early 1950s rock and roll. Weinstein states that in these metal songs, the words "rock" or "rock and roll" refer specifically to heavy metal and its important role.[36] Examples include AC/DC's "Rocker"; Judas Priest's "Rock Hard, Ride Free"; Sammy Hagar's "Rock 'n' Roll Weekend"; Twisted Sister's "I Believe in Rock 'n' Roll" and "You Can't Stop Rock'n'Roll"; Motorhead's "Rock 'n' Roll"; and Ozzy's "You Can't Kill Rock and Roll".[36]
Some songs are self-referential to the genre. Many of these songs directly praise heavy metal (or simply "metal") and celebrate its importance. Examples include Sammy Hagar's "Heavy Metal";
Sexual aspects
Heavy metal lyrics contain themes about "sexual excess".
Politics and social themes
Craig Hayes states that politics is inherent in every metal band's message; he states that while these political messages vary, they are often being a critique of "mainstream political and social mores."
Appropriated lyrics
Some bands reinterpret existing lyrics in a metal style. For example, the lyrics of the version of pop hit Summer Night City by ABBA are taken almost literally by the symphonic metal band Therion in their version, but the changes in music and video alter their meaning.[40] The Spanish Romantic poem
Metal genres
Black metal
"
Death metal
The lyrical themes of
The lyrics of death metal bands have been called less important than the song titles and band names (e.g., Autopsy, Cannibal Corpse, Death, Dismember, Napalm Death, Suffocation), because the guttural, "bestial" death growl and screaming style of singing makes it hard to understand the lyrics.[50]
While death metal lyrics tend to be associated with the violent content of bands like Cannibal Corpse and the pro-Satanism lyrics of
Extreme metal
According to
Nu metal
Lyrics in
The Michigan Daily wrote about Limp Bizkit's lyrics, writing that the band "used the nu-metal sound as a way to spin testosterone fueled fantasies into snarky white-boy rap. Oddly, audiences took frontman Fred Durst more seriously than he wanted, failing to see the intentional silliness in many of his songs".[58] Dope's lyrics are usually about sex, drugs, parties, women, violence and relationships.[62] In 2011, Courtney Love declined to perform alongside Limp Bizkit in the Australian music festival Soundwave due to the band's allegedly sexist statements.[63][64][65] Limp Bizkit's lyrics have been described as "misogynistic",[66] such as the 2013 song "Ready to Go", with the lyrics "is that your bitch, cause she told me she's ready to go."
However, some nu metal songs have lyrics that are about other topics. P.O.D. have used positive lyrics about promise and hope.[67] Drowning Pool's "Bodies" is about moshing.[68] Wayne Swinny of Saliva said that the band's song "Badass" was "meant to be one of those 'sports anthem kind of songs' ".[69] According to Josh Chesler of the Phoenix New Times, the lyrics of Deftones, whose style is a mix of nu metal and post-hardcore, "tend to have complex allusions and leave the songs open to many different interpretations."[70] Raw Alternative praises the lyrics on Incubus' Make Yourself (1999), noting they are not "as angst-y as most of its nu metal contemporaries either, and instead takes turns into the philosophical and ethereal."[71] Michael Siebert states that a "significant portion of the genre's appeal was in the lyrics", with Korn and other groups dealing with "transgressive themes"; Linkin Park "frankly addressing suicidal ideation and alienation"; and Slipknot and Mudvayne expressing "nihilistic rage".[72]
Power metal
Censorship and legal issues
From its earliest years, heavy metal bands have aimed at "...breaking taboos and inciting debate" with their "confronting music, themes and imagery", which is a key part of metal's "creative culture".[28] Craig Hayes acknowledges that metal lyrics have included "...hurtful, heinous and horrific ideas"; indeed, he states that "a lot of metal strives for offensiveness for the simple pleasure of misadventure", which leads to "mind-bending, degenerate and wonderfully hostile musical journeys" that provide a "purge and release" for listeners.[28] Metal lyrics contain "abundant potentially offensive material", due to "metal's inherently transgressive nature."[28] Most of the time, metal explores transgressive themes symbolically, with the "transgression serving as a tool of expression", as with any other artform.[28]
1980s–1990s
In the 1980s, the lyrics of heavy metal led to "panicking parents"; however, since then, "culturally, metal has lost its boogeyman" status to
In 1991, UK police seized death metal records from the British record label Earache Records, in an "unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the label for obscenity".[52]: 28 In 1997, the Egyptian police jailed many young metal fans and they were accused of "devil worship" and blasphemy, after police found metal recordings during searches of their homes.[52]: 28
2000s
In 2012, the Norwegian metal band
In 2014, a Russian court banned the lyrics and album covers of
Impacts
Heavy metal has been the subject of critiques from "music industry watchdogs and parents' groups for its violent, drug-related, sexual, antisocial and occult lyrics".
In an experiment on aggression and heavy metal music, male college students who were exposed to violent-themed lyrics from the metal band Protest the Hero (the songs "Bloodmeat" and "Limb from Limb") behaved in a more aggressive fashion. Specifically, the students added more hot sauce to a cup of water that they believed that another person would have to drink.[80] In Stack's 2001 analysis of metal songs, he found consistent messages of "hopelessness and loneliness" and he discovered a "positive correlation between heavy metal fandom and suicide acceptability" in the study participants.[81] In 2013, Rafalovich and Schneider analyzed the lyrical content of US and European heavy metal bands and found many themes of "violence and aggression."[81]
Perception of lyrics by listeners
Deena Weinstein states that heavy metal lyrics are "...meant to be heard rather than read" from a page.[82] Weinstein states that the "total sound" of the band in metal is more important than any of the parts, including the lead vocals.[82] Weinstein states that metal lyrics should not be interpreted literally; instead, she states that they are "figurative" and "suggestive".[82] While Weinstein states that the lead vocal part is not as important as the overall sound of the band, "Wass showed that 87% of adolescent heavy metal fans knew the lyrics to their favorite songs".[83] Similarly, Professor Hannelor found that metal fans "...listen more and know the words of songs better than fans of general rock music."[84]
Positive effects
Andy Bennett states that while extreme metal's lyrical themes include " destruction, decay and disease, disillusion, corruption through power, confusion and isolation", these themes "resonate" with the real-world challenges that young people face in modern society.[24] Bennett also states that metal lyrics can enable young people to deal with and "face the difficulties in their lives."[24] Epstein and Pratto state that "many heavy metal songs have socially constructive lyrics" which show "concern for the world that youth will inherit."[30]
Craig Hayes states that metal "clearly empowers women, and people of all ethnicities, sexualities and classes.."[28] Queer heavy metal fans have stated that metal lyrics "spoke to their experiences of trauma, oppression and marginalization".[85] Metal is a "fantastically visceral vent" to purge frustrations and provide catharsis.[28] Josh Haun argues that "...metal lyrics are pure fantasy", so listening to violent lyrics is no different than watching a horror film.[28] Hayes praises metal lyrics for addressing "challenging" and "contentious" issues in its lyrics, in contrast to "bland" chart-topping pop music which does not examine these serious issues. Hayes states that the challenging nature of metal lyrics "inspire discussion", as metal lyrics are "unquestioningly thought provoking".[28] Robert L. Gross states that heavy metal can be viewed as a "musical and cultural excursion into fantasy land".[86] A 2015 study titled "Extreme Metal Music and Anger Processing" showed that "listening to extreme [metal] music may represent a healthy way of processing anger".[87]
A study indicated that heavy metal is a positive influence on smart children and teens; it was called "a comfort for the bright child".[88] As well, the study showed that "...intelligent teenagers often listen to heavy metal music to cope with the pressures" of being smart.[88] The study found that metal listening is not associated with delinquency and poor academic achievement. The study indicated that teen metal listeners use metal to "...help them deal with the stresses and strains of being gifted" (highly intelligent), as it acts as a "cathartic" to enable the teens to deal with alienation and "purge negativity".[88]
Professor Bill Thompson from Australia's Macquarie University studied the impact of listening to death metal and found that it brings joy to fans, and that it does not "desensitize" them to the depictions of violence in the songs.
Potential concerns
Epstein and Pratto state there is a risk that metal listeners may misunderstand or misinterpret song lyrics, since it is hard to hear the words in the "...complex, loud" music. Metal songs typically have powerful, heavily distorted guitars and loud, aggressive drumming, which can make it hard to hear the vocals. For example, even though
Young heavy metal fans have "more problems with school authorities and teachers" and these listeners are more likely to engage in "delinquency" and "reckless behavior" (the latter issue was also associated with listening to rap).[90] Swedish and US studies from the 1990s showed that heavy metal fans had "decreased motivation for school, lower grades" and an increased potential for dropping out.[91] Studies from the 1980s and 1990s in the US showed that fans of heavy metal were more likely to use drugs and alcohol; as well, heavy metal fans, along with those who like hip-hop, techno and reggae, were associated with "smoking, drinking and cannabis use".[91] Victor Strasburger acknowledges the studies that show a correlation between heavy metal listening and adolescent issues such as drug use, but he questions the "chicken-and-egg" link, asking whether the association arises because "high[-]risk teens who are angry like to listen to heavy metal music because it validates how they feel, or does the music "make" them do things they would not ordinarily do?"[92]
Craig Hayes states that since metal artists constantly explore "transgressive topics" in their song lyrics and themes, there are examples of metal songs with "...sexism and misogyny" and "racism, and homophobia". Hayes states that as a result of this "transgressive" exploration mindset, some metal song lyrics "...will always be offensive to someone."[28] Gavin Russell states his concern with specific "post-millennial metalcore splinter genres' obsession with the punishment of women" and their lyrics, which he alleges "justify violent misogyny".[28] A small number of "ultranationalist black metal" bands have "controversial far-right political opinions"[28] related to Nazism or racism.
Simon Tatz from the Mental Health Council of Australia states that metal music "has some worrying aspects", including the nihilistic lyrics that may "reinforce alienation and exclusion".[93] A University of Melbourne scholar, Dr Katrina McFerran, found that "young people at risk of depression are more likely to be listening to music, particularly heavy metal music, in a negative way", typically listening over and over to the same song or album "to isolate themselves or escape from reality", which she says could "suggest suicidal tendencies."[93]
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Tout d'abord, la forme est conservée et deux légères modifications textuelles peuvent être identifiées: une excision et une substitution. Ainsi, dans le couplet A, les mots « dark » et « park » ont été retirés de l'hypertexte. De plus, dans la coda, les paroles du couplet A de l'hypotexte sont remplacées par les paroles des deux tremplins. Toutefois, malgré ces deux modifications, les paroles sont reprises intégralement. [...] En effet, si dans l'hypotexte la sortie à la discothèque est l'élément principal du récit, dans cette nouvelle version, la réception au manoir devient un élément moins important. De plus, dans ce nouveau récit, l'histoire d'amour entre les deux personnages principaux prend beaucoup d'espace. Non seulement cette nouvelle motivation devient un élément d'action très important, mais elle ajoute une dimension romantique au récit, qui n'était pas présente dans l'hypotexte. D'ailleurs, par le biais du vidéoclip, Therion accentue cette atmosphère romantique et sombre propre à l'esthétique gothique grâce à la musique lourde et au timbre légèrement agressif du prétendant.
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Works cited
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- Udo, Tommy (2002). Brave Nu World. Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 1-86074-415-X.