Hordeum murinum
| Hordeum murinum | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | Hordeum |
| Species: | H. murinum
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| Binomial name | |
| Hordeum murinum | |
| Subspecies | |
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Hordeum murinum is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, commonly known as wall barley or false barley. It is a close relative of cultivated barley (H. vulgare).
Overview
Hordeum murinum complex is the most widespread and common of all Hordeum species.[1] The center of distribution of H. murinum is in the Mediterranean area, Central Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.[1] It flowers during May through July in mainly coastal areas. It is an ancient introduction in the British Isles, common in England and Wales but less common in Scotland and Ireland. [2]
It can grow to about 30-50 cm in height, and its unbranched spikes can reach 10 cm long. It produces small, dry seeds and its leaves can be 8 millimetres (5⁄16 in) wide with short, blunt ligules. It is an annual species whose seeds germinate and develop in the spring.[3] Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum is also referred to as wall barley and is tetraploid.[4] It is distinct from other species of the genus because of its morphology and molecular genetics.[1] It is also distinct because of the barriers it has with the Hordeum taxa when it comes to its ability to cross with other species.[1]
Among its subspecies is included H. m. ssp. leporinum, known as hare barley.
Growth requirements
Precipitation is the most important factor in the production of seeds for this species. A greater quantity of dry material is produced with medium precipitation and better distribution.[3] In drier years with early or late rainfalls, there is no chance of re-seeding for this species.[4] The species uses a greater part of its reproductive resources for seed production, allowing it to adapt to different water conditions.[3] Controlling the seeding rate favors high-quality strand of barley. The sowing rate for wall barley increases when seed production and forage increases.[5] This helps to obtain ideal and sustainable forage and seed yield in rangelands of Jordan. The height of the plant and protein content does not respond to seeding rates, but the height of the plant and protein content does vary with years.[5] Anatomical characteristics of leaf blades differ between the taxa.[citation needed] This weedy species along with hare barley and smooth barley can be hard to control.[4]
Subspecies
There are 3 subspecies:
Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum, known as hare barley,
Another subspecies is 'Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum.
The above subspecies differ primarily because of their chromosome numbers, spikelet morphology, and geographical distribution.[1] H. leporinum is more dominant in areas where the rainfall is greater than 425 mm (17 in).[4] H. glaucum is more dominant in semiarid regions where rainfall is less than that.[4]
The last is the tetraploid Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum.[10]
Evolution
Jakob & Blattner 2009 find the
Uses
Although H. murinum is considered a difficult weed in cereal crop fields,[4] it is useful for feeding grazing animals.[4] It is also the main source of forage for cattle production in areas with water deficits.[3]
Cultural significance
In England in the late 20th century among children the plant was referred to colloquially as the 'Flea Dart', from the aerodynamic shape of its seedhead, and the
References
- ^ S2CID 11413.
- ^ P.A. Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R.J. Burkmar; O.L. Pescott; D.B. Roy; K.J. Walker (eds.). "Hordeum murinum L." BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f g
- Walsh, Michael; Newman, Peter; Powles, Stephen (2013). "Targeting Weed Seeds In-Crop: A New Weed Control Paradigm for Global Agriculture". (WSSA).
- This review cites this research.
- Fleet, Benjamin; Gill, Gurjeet (2012-07-01). "Seed Dormancy and Seedling Recruitment in Smooth Barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum) Populations in Southern Australia". S2CID 86638266.
- ^ a b
- Ullrich, Steven E., ed. (2010). Barley. ISBN 978-0-8138-0123-0.
- This book cites this research.
- El-Shatnawi, M. K. J.; Turk, M.; Saoub, H. M. (2003-03-01). "Effects of sowing rate on growth and protein contents of wall barley (Hordeum murinum L.) grown under Mediterranean conditions". African Journal of Range & Forage Science. 20 (1): 53–57. S2CID 86767635.
- Ullrich, Steven E., ed. (2010). Barley.
- ^ "Sorting Hordeum names". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ a b "Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ a b c "Hordeum leporinum Link". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ a b Link. "New South Wales Flora Online: Hordeum leporinum". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia.
- ^ a b c d e
- Blattner, Frank (2009). "Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae)". S2CID 84530352.
- Molnár-Láng, Márta; Ceoloni, Carla; Doležel, Jaroslav, eds. (2015). Alien Introgression in Wheat. S2CID 12828894.
- These reviews cite this research.
- Jakob, Sabine; Blattner, Frank (2010). "Two extinct diploid progenitors were involved in allopolyploid formation in the Hordeum murinum (Poaceae: Triticeae) taxon complex". ISSN 1095-9513.
- Blattner, Frank (2009). "Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae)".
- ^ 'Wall Barely' entry in the 'Plant-Lore' website (2019). https://www.plant-lore.com/wall-barley/