Hot tower
A hot tower is a tropical
Observation
Hot towers were first detected by radar in the 1950s.[1] Aerial reconnaissance was used to probe hot towers, though planes avoided the most dangerous cores of hot towers due to safety concerns.[4] The launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in 1997 provided the resolution and coverage necessary to systematically catalog hot towers and precisely assess their structure globally.[1] Prior to 1997, the small size and short duration of hot towers limited studies of hot towers to aerial observations as the resolutions of satellite sensors at microwave and infrared wavelengths were too coarse to properly resolve details within hot towers.[5]
Structure
The term hot tower has been applied to both rapidly rising parcels of air and the tall
Conceptual development
Before the 1950s, the mechanism driving atmospheric
Aerial observations of
Effect on tropical cyclones
Vortical hot towers aid in the formation of tropical cyclones by producing many small-scale positive anomalies of potential vorticity, which eventually coalesce to strengthen the broader storm.[17] The high vorticity present in the hot towers traps the latent heat released by those clouds, while the merger of the hot towers aggregates this enhanced warmth.[18] These processes are the major part of the initial formation of a tropical cyclone's warm core—the anomalous warmth at the center of such a system—and the increased angular momentum of the winds encircling the developing cyclone.[17]
In 2007, the
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Voiland, Adam (12 September 2012). "Discovering Hot Towers". Earth Observatory. NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ Voiland, Adam (12 September 2012). "Discovering Hot Towers". NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ Chohan, Rani. "Scientists Discover Clues to What Turns a Hurricane into a Monster". 12 January 2004: NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
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: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b c d Fierro et al. (2009), p. 2731.
- ^ Perkins, Lori (15 September 2005). "Hurricane Katrina Hot Towers". Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Guimond et al. (2010), p. 634.
- ^ Heymsfield et al. (2010), p. 286.
- ^ Montgomery et al. (2006), p. 356.
- ^ a b c d Anthes (2003), p. 144.
- ^ a b c d Weier, John (April 28, 2004). ""Hot Tower" Hypothesis". Earth Observatory. NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ a b Anthes (2003), p. 139.
- ^ a b c Anthes (2003), p. 140.
- ^ Weier, John (April 28, 2004). "Warm Core Mystery". Earth Observatory. NASA. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ Anthes (2003), p. 141.
- ^ Anthes (2003), p. 143.
- ^ Fierro et al. (2009), p. 2745.
- ^ a b Hendricks et al. (2004), p. 1209.
- ^ Hendricks et al. (2004), p. 1229.
- ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2007). "Hot towers simulation". NOAA. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (1998). "Bonnie Buffets North Carolina!". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
Bibliography
- Anthes, Richard A. (2003). "Hot Towers and Hurricanes: Early Observations, Theories, and Models". In Tao, Wei-Kuo; Adler, Robert (eds.). Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. pp. 139–148. ISBN 978-1-878220-63-9– via Springer Link.
- Fierro, Alexandre O.; Simpson, Joanne; LeMone, Margaret A.; Straka, Jerry M.; Smull, Bradley F. (September 2009). "On How Hot Towers Fuel the Hadley Cell: An Observational and Modeling Study of Line-Organized Convection in the Equatorial Trough from TOGA COARE". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 66 (9). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 2730–2746.
- Guimond, Stephen R.; Heymsfield, Gerald M.; Turk, F. Joseph (March 2010). "Multiscale Observations of Hurricane Dennis (2005): The Effects of Hot Towers on Rapid Intensification". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 67 (3). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 633–654. hdl:11603/28559.
- Hendricks, Eric A.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Davis, Christopher A. (June 2004). "The Role of "Vortical" Hot Towers in the Formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984)". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 61 (11). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1209–1232.
- Heymsfield, Gerald M.; Tian, Lin; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Li, Lihua; Guimond, Stephen (1 February 2010). "Characteristics of Deep Tropical and Subtropical Convection from Nadir-Viewing High-Altitude Airborne Doppler Radar". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 67 (2). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 285–308. S2CID 54697840.
- Houze, Robert A. Jr. (January 2003). "From Hot Towers to TRMM: Joanne Simpson and Advances in Tropical Convection Research". Meteorological Monographs. 29 (51). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 37–47.
- Leppert, Kenneth D.; Petersen, Walter A. (March 2010). "Electrically Active Hot Towers in African Easterly Waves prior to Tropical Cyclogenesis". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (3). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 663–687.
- Malkus, Joanne S.; Ronne, Claude; Chaffe, Margaret (January 1961). "Cloud Patterns in Hurricane Daisy, 1958". Tellus. 13 (1): 8–30. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v13i1.9439 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- Malkus, Joanne S.; Williams, R. T. (September 1963). "On the Interaction between Severe Storms and Large Cumulus Clouds". Severe Local Storms. Vol. 5. Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. pp. 59–64. ISBN 978-1-940033-56-3– via Springer Link.
- Riehl, Herbert; Malkus, Joanne (January 1961). "Some Aspects of Hurricane Daisy, 1958". Tellus. 13 (2): 181–213. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v13i2.9495 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- Montgomery, M. T.; Nicholls, M. E.; Cram, T. A.; Saunders, A. B. (January 2006). "A Vortical Hot Tower Route to Tropical Cyclogenesis". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 63 (1). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 355–386. S2CID 20645674.
- Tao, Cheng; Jiang, Haiyan (February 2013). "Global Distribution of Hot Towers in Tropical Cyclones Based on 11-Yr TRMM Data". Journal of Climate. 26 (4). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1371–1386. .
- Williams, E. R.; Geotis, S. G.; Renno, N.; Rutledge, S. A.; Rasmussen, E.; Rickenbach, T. (August 1992). "A Radar and Electrical Study of Tropical "Hot Towers"". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 49 (15). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1386–1395.
- Zhuge, Xiao-Yong; Ming, Jie; Wang, Yuan (October 2015). "Reassessing the Use of Inner-Core Hot Towers to Predict Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification*". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (5). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1265–1279. .
- Zipser, Edward J. (2003). "Some Views on "Hot Towers" after 50 Years of Tropical Field Programs and Two Years of TRMM Data". In Tao, Wei-Kuo; Adler, Robert (eds.). Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. pp. 49–58. ISBN 978-1-878220-63-9– via Springer Link.
External links
- Hurricane Multimedia Gallery – a hurricane multimedia page.
- UCAR slides: "Hot Towers and Hurricanes: Early Observations, Theories and Models"