Hugo Steinhaus
Hugo Steinhaus | |
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Doctoral advisor | David Hilbert |
Doctoral students | Stefan Banach Z. W. (Bill) Birnbaum Mark Kac Władysław Orlicz Aleksander Rajchman Juliusz Schauder Stanisław Trybula |
Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus (Polish:
Author of around 170 scientific articles and books, Steinhaus has left his legacy and contribution in many branches of mathematics, such as functional analysis, geometry, mathematical logic, and trigonometry. Notably he is regarded as one of the early founders of game theory and probability theory, which led to later development of more comprehensive approaches by other scholars.
Early life and studies
Steinhaus was born on January 14, 1887, in
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_students_in_Gottingen.jpg/220px-Polish_students_in_Gottingen.jpg)
Hugo finished his studies at the
At the start of World War I Steinhaus returned to Poland and served in Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legion, after which he lived in Kraków.[4]
He was an atheist.[5]
Academic career
Interwar Poland
During the 1916-1917 period and before Poland had regained its full
In 1917 he started to work at the
While in Lwów, Steinhaus co-founded the
World War II
In September 1939 after Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union both invaded and occupied Poland, as a fulfillment of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact they had signed earlier, Lwów initially came under Soviet occupation. Steinhaus considered escaping to Hungary but ultimately decided to remain in Lwów. The Soviets reorganized the university to give it a more Ukrainian character, but they did appoint Stefan Banach (Steinhaus's student) as the dean of the mathematics department and Steinhaus resumed teaching there. The faculty of the department at the school were also strengthened by several Polish refugees from German-occupied Poland. According to Steinhaus, during the experience of this period, he "acquired an insurmountable physical disgust in regard to all sorts of Soviet administrators, politicians and commissars"[A]
During the interwar period and the time of the Soviet occupation, Steinhaus contributed ten problems to the famous Scottish Book, including the last one, recorded shortly before Lwów was captured by the Nazis in 1941, during Operation Barbarossa.[4]
Steinhaus, because of his Jewish background, spent the
Also while in hiding, and cut off from reliable news on the course of the war, Steinhaus devised a statistical means of estimating for himself the German casualties at the front based on sporadic obituaries published in the local press. The method relied on the relative frequency with which the obituaries stated that the soldier who died was someone's son, someone's "second son", someone's "third son" and so on.[8]
According to his student and biographer, Mark Kac, Steinhaus told him that the happiest day of his life were the twenty four hours between the time that the Germans left occupied Poland and the Soviets had not yet arrived ("They had left, and they had not yet come").[8]
After World War II
In the last days of World War II Steinhaus, still in hiding, heard a rumor that University of Lwów was to be transferred to the city of
With Steinhaus' help, Wrocław University became renowned for mathematics, much as the University of Lwów had been.[8]
Later, in the 1960s, Steinhaus served as a visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame (1961–62)[4] and the University of Sussex (1966).[9]
Mathematical contributions
Steinhaus authored over 170 works.
Probably his most notable contribution to
His interest in games led him to propose an early formal definition of a strategy, anticipating John von Neumann's more complete treatment of a few years later. Consequently, he is considered an early founder of modern game theory.[6] As a result of his work on infinite games Steinhaus, together with another of his students, Jan Mycielski, proposed the axiom of determinacy.[8]
Steinhaus was also an early contributor to, and co-founder of, probability theory, which at the time was in its infancy and not even considered an actual part of mathematics.
While in hiding during World War II, Steinhaus worked on the fair cake-cutting problem: how to divide a heterogeneous resource among several people with different preferences such that every person believes he received a proportional share. Steinhaus' work has initiated the modern research of the fair cake-cutting problem.[B]
Steinhaus was also the first person to conjecture the
Legacy
Steinhaus is said to have "discovered" the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach in 1916, after he overheard someone utter the words "
Steinhaus also published one of the first articles in Fundamenta Mathematicae, in 1921.[13] He also co-founded Studia Mathematica along with Stefan Banach (1929),[7] and Zastosowania matematyki (Applications of Mathematics, 1953), Colloquium Mathematicum, and Monografie Matematyczne (Mathematical Monographs).[1]
He received
Steinhaus had full command of several foreign languages and was known for his
In 2002, the Polish Academy of Sciences and Wrocław University sponsored "2002, The Year of Hugo Steinhaus", to celebrate his contributions to Polish and world science.[15]
Mathematician Mark Kac, Steinhaus's student, wrote:
"He was one of the architects of the school of mathematics which flowered miraculously in Poland between the two wars and it was he who, perhaps more than any other individual, helped to raise Polish mathematics from the ashes to which it had been reduced by the second World War to the position of new strength and respect which it now occupies. He was a man of great culture and in the best sense of the word a product of Western civilization."[3]
Chief works
- Czym jest, a czym nie jest matematyka (What Mathematics Is, and What It Is Not, 1923).[14]
- Sur le principe de la condensation de la singularités (with Banach, 1927)[3]
- Theorie der Orthogonalreihen (with Stefan Kaczmarz, 1935).[3][16]
- Kalejdoskop matematyczny (Mathematical Snapshots, 1939).[3][14]
- Taksonomia wrocławska (A Wroclaw Taxonomy; with others, 1951).
- Sur la liaison et la division des points d'un ensemble fini (On uniting and separating the points of a finite set, with others, 1951).[17] One of multiple rediscoveries of Borůvka's algorithm.
- Sto zadań (One Hundred Problems In Elementary Mathematics, 1964).[4][18]
- Orzeł czy reszka (Heads or Tails, 1961).[19]
- Słownik racjonalny (A Rational Dictionary, 1980).[20]
Family
His daughter Lidya Steinhaus was married to Jan Kott.
See also
- Freiling's axiom of symmetry
- One-seventh area triangle
- Johnson–Trotter algorithm
- Steinhaus conjecture
- Steinhaus polygon notation
- Steinhaus theorem
- Steinhaus longimeter
- Last diminisher
Notes
- ^ Nabrałem nieprzyzwyciężonej fizycznej wprost odrazy do wszelkich urzędników, polityków i komisarzy sowieckich (Duda, g. 23).
- ^ The solution to the two person version of the problem is the classic children's rule divide and choose. Steinhaus was the first to generalize the problem definition to three or more people, by inviting the proportional division criterion.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-486-23875-3.
- ^ a b Official webpage of the town of Jasło (2010). "Steinhaus Hugo Dyonizy". Mieszkaniec: Steinhaus Hugo Dyonizy. Jasło. Moje miasto, nasz wspólny dom. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ JSTOR 2319205. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-09-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j John O'Connor; Edmund F. Robertson (February 2000). "Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ISBN 9780883855393.
Steinhaus was an outspoken atheist.
- ^ a b c d e Monika Śliwa (May 4, 2010). "Hugo Steinhaus". University of Wrocław. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Duda, Roman (2005). "Początki Matematyki w Powojennym Wrocławiu" (PDF). Przegląd Uniwesytetcki (September). Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne. Oddział Wrocławski.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-05986-3.
- ^ Chełminiak, Wiesław (2002). "Wrocław Europy". Wprost. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ProQuest 203746537.
- ^ Lindsten, Frederik; Ohlsson, Frederik; Lennard, Ljung (2011). "Just Relax and Come Clustering. A Convexification of k-means Clustering". Technical Report from Automatic Control at Linköpings Universitet. Linköping University: 1.
- ISBN 978-0-521-80240-6.
- ^ Kuratowski, Kazimierz; Borsuk, Karol (1978). "One Hundred Volumes of Fundamenta Mathematicae" (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae. 100. Polish Academy of Science: 3.
- ^ a b c "Prof. Hugo Steinhaus". Wrocław University of Technology.
- Politechnika Wrocławska. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Stefan Kaczmarz; Hugo Steinhaus (1951). Theorie der Orthogonalreihen. Chelsea Pub. Co. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ Steinhaus; et al. (1951). "Sur la liaison et la division des points d'un ensemble fini" (PDF). Polish Virtual Library of Science - Mathematical Collection.
- ISBN 978-0-486-23875-3.
- OCLC 68678009
- OCLC 7272718
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-08-023046-7, pp. 173–79 et passim.
- Hugo Steinhaus, Mathematical Snapshots, second edition, Oxford, 1951, blurb.
External links
- Hugo Steinhaus at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Hugo Steinhaus in MathSciNet
- Hugo Steinhaus in Zentralblatt MATH