Hurler syndrome

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Hurler syndrome
Hurler-Scheie syndrome; Scheie syndrome; Hunter syndrome; other mucopolysaccharidoses
PrognosisDeath usually occurs before 12 years
Frequency1 in 100,000

Hurler syndrome, also known as

organ systems, including but not limited to the nervous system, skeletal system, eyes, and heart
.

The underlying mechanism is a deficiency of

Symptoms appear during childhood, and early death usually occurs. Other, less severe forms of MPS Type I include Hurler–Scheie syndrome (MPS-IHS) and Scheie syndrome
(MPS-IS).

Hurler syndrome is classified as a

autosomal recessive
.

Signs and symptoms

Corneal clouding in a 30-year-old male with MPS VI. Hurler syndrome and other MPS disorders may also present with corneal clouding.

Children with Hurler syndrome may appear normal at birth and develop symptoms over the first years of life. Symptoms vary between patients.[citation needed]

One of the first abnormalities that may be detected is coarsening of the facial features; these symptoms can begin at 3–6 months of age. The

prominent frontal bones. The skull can be elongated. The nose can have a flattened nasal bridge with continuous nasal discharge. The eye sockets may be widely spaced, and the eyes may protrude from the skull. The lips can be large, and affected children may hold their jaws open constantly. Skeletal abnormalities occur by about age 6 months, but may not be clinically obvious until 10–14 months. Patients may experience debilitating spine and hip deformities, carpal tunnel syndrome, and joint stiffness. Patients may be normal height in infancy, but stop growing by the age of two years. They may not reach a height of greater than 4 ft (1.2 m).[citation needed
]

Other early symptoms may include inguinal and umbilical hernias. These may be present at birth, or they may develop within the first months of life. Clouding of the cornea and retinal degeneration may occur within the first year of life, leading to blindness. Enlarged liver and spleen are common. There is no organ dysfunction, but GAG deposition in these organs may lead to a massive increase in size. Patients may also have diarrhea. Aortic valve disease may occur.[citation needed]

Airway obstruction is frequent, usually secondary to abnormal cervical vertebrae.[3] Upper and lower respiratory tract infections can be frequent.[citation needed]

Developmental delay may become apparent by age 1–2 years, with a maximum functional age of 2–4 years. Progressive deterioration follows. Most children develop limited language capabilities. Death usually occurs by age 10.[4][5]

Genetics

Hurler syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

Children with Hurler syndrome carry two defective copies of the IDUA gene, which has been mapped to the 4p16.3 site on chromosome 4. This is the gene which encodes for the protein iduronidase. As of 2018, more than 201 different mutations in the IDUA gene have been shown to cause MPS I.[6]

Because Hurler syndrome is an

carrier. They will produce less α-L-iduronidase than an individual with two normal copies of the gene. The reduced production of the enzyme in carriers, however, remains sufficient for normal function; the person should not show any symptoms of the disease.[citation needed
]

Mechanisms

Heparan sulfate is one of the GAGs that builds up in the lysosomes of people with Hurler syndrome.

The IDUA gene is responsible for encoding an enzyme called alpha-L-iduronidase. Through hydrolysis, alpha-L-iduronidase is responsible for breaking down a molecule called unsulfated alpha-L-iduronic acid. This is a uronic acid found in the GAGs dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme is located in lysosomes. Without sufficient enzymatic function, these GAGs cannot be digested properly.[7]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis often can be made through clinical examination and urine tests (excess

Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can verify if a fetus either carries a copy of the defective gene or is affected with the disorder. Genetic counseling can help parents who have a family history of the mucopolysaccharidoses determine if they are carrying the mutated gene that causes the disorders.[citation needed
]

Classification

All members of the mucopolysaccharidosis family are also lysosomal storage diseases. Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is divided into three subtypes based on severity of symptoms. All three types result the absence or decreased functioning of the same enzyme. MPS-IH (Hurler syndrome) is the most severe of the MPS I subtypes. The other two types are MPS-IS (Scheie syndrome) and MPS-IHS (Hurler–Scheie syndrome).[citation needed]

Because of the substantial overlap between Hurler syndrome, Hurler–Scheie syndrome, and Scheie syndrome, some sources consider these terms to be outdated. Instead, MPS I may be divided into "severe" and "attenuated" forms.[8]

Treatment

There is currently no cure for Hurler syndrome. Enzyme replacement therapy with iduronidase (Aldurazyme) may improve pulmonary function and mobility. It can reduce the amount of carbohydrates being improperly stored in organs. Surgical correction of hand and foot deformities may be necessary. Corneal surgery may help alleviate vision problems.[5]

graft versus host disease; this is more likely in non-sibling donors. In a 1998 study, children with HLA-identical sibling donors had a five-year survival of 75%; children with non-sibling donors had a five-year survival of 53%.[9]

Children often lack access to a suitable bone marrow donor. In these cases, UCBT from unrelated donors can increase survival, decrease physical signs of the disease, and improve cognition. Complications from this treatment may include

graft versus host disease.[10]

Prognosis

A British study from 2008 found a median estimated life expectancy of 8.7 years for patients with Hurler syndrome. In comparison, the median life expectancy for all forms of MPS type I was 11.6 years. Patients who received successful bone marrow transplants had a 2-year survival rate of 68% and a 10-year survival rate of 64%. Patients who did not receive bone marrow transplants had a significantly reduced lifespan, with a median age of 6.8 years.[4]

Epidemiology

Hurler syndrome has an overall frequency of one per 100,000.[5] Combined, all of the mucopolysaccharidoses have a frequency of approximately one in every 25,000 births in the United States.[2]

Research

Gene therapy

A great deal of interest exists in treating MPS I with

adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and plasmid vectors. Mice and dogs with MPS I have been successfully treated with gene therapy. Most vectors can correct the disease in the liver and spleen, and can correct brain effects with a high dosage. Gene therapy has improved survival, neurological, and physical symptoms; however, some animals have developed unexplained liver tumors. If safety issues can be resolved, gene therapy may provide an alternative human treatment for MPS disorders in the future.[11]

zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) for the treatment of MPS I.[12]

History

In 1919, Gertrud Hurler, a German pediatrician, described a syndrome involving corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, and mental retardation. A similar disease of "gargoylism" had been described in 1917 by Charles A. Hunter. Hurler did not mention Hunter's paper. Because of the communications interruptions caused by World War I, it is likely that she was unaware of his study. Hurler syndrome now refers to MPS IH, while Hunter syndrome refers to MPS II.[13][14] In 1962, a milder form of MPS I was identified by Scheie, leading to the designation of Scheie syndrome.[4]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6
    .
  2. ^ a b "Mucopolysaccharidoses Fact Sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 15 Nov 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  3. PMID 1917344
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 18796143
    .
  5. ^ a b c Banikazemi M (12 Oct 2014). "Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie Syndrome, and Scheie Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I)". Medscape. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  6. PMID 29843745
    .
  7. ^ "IDUA gene". Genetics Home Reference. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  8. ^ "Mucopolysaccharidosis type I". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  9. PMID 9516162
    .
  10. S2CID 43572313
    .
  11. PMID 17727324
    .
  12. U.S. National Library of Medicine
    . Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  13. Who Named It?
  14. S2CID 34471544
    .

External links
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