Inocybe geophylla

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Inocybe geophylla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Inocybaceae
Genus: Inocybe
Species:
I. geophylla
Binomial name
Inocybe geophylla
Inocybe geophylla
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is umbonate or conical
mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous

Inocybe geophylla, commonly known as the earthy inocybe, common white inocybe or white fibercap, is a poisonous mushroom of the genus Inocybe. It is widespread and common in Europe and North America, appearing under both conifer and deciduous trees in summer and autumn. The fruiting body is a small all-white or cream mushroom with a fibrous silky umbonate cap and adnexed gills. An all-lilac variety lilacina is also common.

Taxonomy and naming

It was first described in 1799 as Agaricus geophyllus by English naturalist James Sowerby in his work Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms.[1] Christiaan Hendrik Persoon spelt it Agaricus geophilus in his 1801 work Synopsis methodica fungorum.[2] Its specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek terms geo- "earth", and phyllon "leaf".[3] It was given its current binomial name in 1871 by Paul Kummer.[4]

A lilac form is known as var. lilacina; it was originally described as Agaricus geophyllus var. lilacinus by American mycologist

I. pudica.[7]

Description

The cap is 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) in diameter and white or cream-coloured with a silky texture, at first conical before flattening out to a more convex shape with a pronounced umbo (boss). The cap margins may split with age. The thin stipe is 1–6 cm (0.39–2.36 in) high and 0.3–0.6 cm thick and lacks a ring.[8] It has a small bulb at the base,[9] and often does not grow straight.[10] The crowded gills are adnexed and cream early, before darkening to a brownish colour with the developing spores. The spore print is brown. The almond-shaped spores are smooth and measure around 9 × 5 μm. The faint smell has been likened to meal,[8] damp earth,[3] or even described as spermatic.[11] The white or cream flesh has an acrid taste and does not change colour when cut or bruised.[9]

Similar species

Larger mushrooms can be confused with members of the genus Tricholoma or the edible

Camarophyllus.[11]

The variety lilacina is similar in shape but tinted lilac all over, with an ochre-brown flush on the cap umbo and the base of the stem. It has a strong mealy or earthy odour.[8] This variety could be mistaken for the edible amethyst deceiver (Laccaria amethystina), although the latter species has a fibrous stipe, a fruity smell and lacks the ochre-coloured umbo.[9] It is a similar coloration to the wood blewit, although mushrooms of that species generally grow much larger.[11]

I. pudica and

Clitocybe nuda are also similar.[13]

Distribution and habitat

I. geophylla var. lilacina (Peck) Gillet

Inocybe geophylla is common and widespread across Europe and North America.

coniferous woodlands in summer and autumn. Within these locations, fruiting bodies may be found in grassy areas and near pathways,[10] or often on rich, bare soil that has been disturbed at roadsides, and near ditches.[15]

In Israel, I. geophylla grows under Palestine oak (

Quercus calliprinos) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal.[12]

In Western Australia, Brandon Matheny and Neale Bougher (2005) pointed to collections of what was referred to as I. geophylla var. lilacina by some Australian taxonomists, as a misapplication of the name I. geophylla var. lilacina; the specimens have been reclassified as the species Inocybe violaceocaulis.[16]

Toxicity

Like many fibrecaps, Inocybe geophylla contains

lacrimation (tear flow) within 15–30 minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours.[18] Delirium
does not occur. The specific antidote is atropine. Inducing vomiting to remove mushroom contents is also prudent due to the speed of onset of symptoms.[19] Death has not been recorded as a result of consuming this species. It is often ignored by mushroom hunters because of its small size.[10]

References

  1. ^ Sowerby, James (1799). Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: J. Davis. p. 2, plate 124.
  2. OCLC 28329773.[permanent dead link
    ]
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-14-063006-6
    .
  4. ^ Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 78.
  5. ^ Peck, Charles Horton (1872). "Report of the botanist". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 26: 35–92 [90].
  6. ^ Kauffman, Calvin Henry (1918). The Agaricaceae of Michigan. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Lansing, Michigan: W.H. Crawford, state printers. p. 466.
  7. PMID 15737578
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-330-26441-9
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 3-8331-1239-5
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-222-79409-7
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    .
  12. ^
    S2CID 205902282
    .
  13. OCLC 797915861
    .
  14. doi:10.2509/naf2010.005.0056
    .
  15. ISBN 0-7513-1070-0
    .
  16. ^ Matheny, P. Brandon; Bougher, Neale L. (2004). "A new violet species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from Urban and Rural Landscapes in Western Australia". Australasian Mycologist. 24 (1): 7–12.
  17. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9
    .
  18. ^ North, Pamela (1967). Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. p. 111.
  19. ^ Benjamin, p. 346–49.
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