Ioniță Cuza
Ioniță (Ioan) Cuza | |
---|---|
Stolnic of Moldavia | |
In office 1759–1763 | |
Paharnic of Moldavia | |
In office 1769–1773 | |
Personal details | |
Born | ca. 1715 |
Died | Iași, Moldavia | August 18, 1778
Spouse | Tudosica Râșcanu (died 1775) |
Relations | Dumitrașco Cuza (grandfather) Ioniță Costin (grandfather) Miron Cuza (father) Toader Râșcanu (father-in-law) |
Children | Nicolae Cuza Arghirie Cuza Gheorghe I Cuza Constantin Cuza |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Moldavia |
Years of service | 1774–1778 |
Rank | Spatharios |
Commands | Moldavian military forces |
Ion Cuza or Cuzea, commonly known as Ioniță Cuza (ca. 1715 – August 18, 1778), was a
Ioniță was at the forefront of this fight in 1759, when he managed to contain the actions of
Cuza was finally executed, with
Biography
Origins
Ioniță Cuza's ethnic origins and ancestry are largely uncertain, subject to several competing theories. Some early hypotheses, centered on the name's resonance, have proposed that the Cuzas were
The first Cuza to reach high office may have been a Vistier Coza, serving in the 1630s. According to Stoicescu, he was father of the better-known Dumitrașco Cuza (or Cuzea).[8] Contrarily, Gorovei argues that there is "no certain connection" between the Vistier and Dumitrașco, who was the known heir of Toader Cuza.[9] It is also known that Dumitrașco married Safta, daughter of Toader Jora and sister-in-law of the Great Vornic Ioan Sturza (of the Greek Sturdzas).[10] One period writ describes him as the son of Safta Jora.[11] This dynastic arrangement also made Cuza a relative of the powerful Doukas and brought him a large dowry, including 15 estates in Moldavia-proper and Bessarabia.[12] He had a steady climb at the court, being first mentioned in June 1677 as Comis for Prince Antonie Ruset, granted ownership of Vlăicenii village in recognition for his service.[13] He became Spatharios in 1679, under George Ducas, returning as Great Stolnic and Great Spatharios under Constantine Ducas.[14]
Dumitrașco also cultivated a close relationship with the Costin boyars, and in particular with Hetman Ioniță Costin, orphaned son of the writer and politician Miron Costin. Cuza's own three sons, Miron, Toader and Velicico, were involved in cementing such links. Miron Cuza (fl. 1680–1742)[15] may have been named after Ioniță's father.[16] Holding office as Logothete, he married Ilinca, daughter of Ioniță Costin, granddaughter of his namesake and niece of Nicolae Costin.[17] The Costins had been one of the most powerful players after the Moldavian Magnate Wars, keeping Princes as the "instruments of [their] party".[18] Through her mother Ileana, Ilinca also descended from Movilești royalty, whose coat of arms was sometimes attributed to her Cuza descendants.[19]
In 1701–1702, Cuza Sr and the Hetman tried to mediate a conflict between Prince Ducas and his Spatharios,
Following this regime change, Miron and Velicico involved themselves in a plot to topple Racoviță, alongside boyar Vasile Ceaurul and the mercenary François "Franță" Ernaut.[23] In January 1717, the Seimeni defeated Ernaut, and resumed control of the country. Racoviță ordered Cuza Sr's hanging on the scrânciob ("cradle") prepared outside the princely court,[24] in what was seen by chronicler Ion Neculce as a blind retaliation for his sons' doings.[25] His body was dropped in a mass grave by the side of Cetățuia Monastery.[26] The three younger Cuzas escaped vengeance, but were kept out of political affairs; Toader's sons declined socially, losing their boyar status.[27]
Career
Rise
The son of Miron and Ilinca, Ioniță was born at an unknown date, referred to by historians as "before 1720"
The Pitar's anti-Phanariote sentiments were recorded under the reign of
As the head of his house, Ioniță was
By 1767, Cuza was again in conflict with the Phanariote regime, which at the time was personified by prince Grigore III Ghica. He and other boyars declared themselves outraged at being sidelined from major offices, and left the country on voluntary exile. The Ottoman envoy, or Kapucu, intervened as mediator; the protesters returned after being promised reparations.[48] Thus, Cuza himself returned to prominence. From 1769 to 1773, he served as Paharnic,[49] ending his term under the early stages of a Russian occupation. These events created major problems for the family, which saw its Bessarabian estates, including Cozești, confiscated by Russia.[50] The period saw Cuza working with other boyars to limit Phanariote abuses by resorting to Russian and Ottoman arbitration under the terms of Küçük Kaynarca. In August 1774, the boyars, gathered at Focșani, nominated Cuza and Enachi Chirica as their envoys to Istanbul, where they were to ask for Ghica's return as Prince. Sultan Abdul Hamid I confirmed Ghica for the throne before they left, rendering their mission redundant.[51]
Rebellion and execution
Cuza was appointed as Ghica's Spatharios later in 1774.[52] The reign was nevertheless one of major setbacks, beginning with the forced cession of northern Moldavia, annexed by the Habsburg monarchy and administered as part of Galicia–Lodomeria. The Prince was assassinated in 1777,[53] with Constantine Mourouzis taking his throne. Cuza preserved his rank and office, but began conspiring against the new monarch. As noted by historian Cristian Ploscaru, he and Manolache Bogdan formed a boyar "brotherhood" with figures such as Lupu Balș, Grigore Crupenschi, Constantin Greceanu, and Alexandru Neculce, with some additional involvement by Constantin Sturdza.[54]
Various foreign sources indicate that the project was of a Masonic inspiration, which would push the history of Freemasonry in Romania to 1770 or even before, to 1740.[55] Scholar Giorge Pascu argues that, especially through Bogdan, the conspirators were tied to Jean-Louis Carra. A French adventurer in Moldavia, and a mordant critic of Prince Grigore, Carra revealed himself as belonging to the French Masonic chapters in 1790, but, Pascu argues, "had been won over by the Freemasonry from the very beginning of his 'career'."[56] This claim is rendered with precaution by another scholar, Neagu Djuvara. Though he notes that Carra may have well been a Freemason, he argues that, given "his very short stay in Moldavia" and his "quite unfriendly" rapport with the locals, he could not have instigated a movement.[57] Historian Cătălina Opaschi reports that documents showing Cuza's Masonic pledges were uncovered in 1883 in Italy, suggesting that the movement was of peninsular origin.[58] A lodge called Marte, obedient to the Russian branch of Freemasonry, existed at Iași from April 1772.[59]
According to Gorovei, Cuza's scheme involved deposing Mourouzis and placing Bogdan on the throne.
Mourouzis was informed of the Bogdan–Cuza–Dărmănescu intrigue, and retaliated: Bogdan and Cuza were apprehended and interrogated under torture by another Spatharios, Constantin Caragea. Exposed to a similar treatment, Dărmănescu admitted to having sent a letter to the Ottoman authorities in
The two boyars finally were decapitated on August 18, 1778.[67] Contemporary records suggest that they were killed at night in the Bahlui dungeon; their executioner was a Captain Pavăl from Cosăuți, who then left the severed heads exposed for public viewing, "on a rug by the gate of the court".[68] Dărmănescu received more clemency from the Prince: originally sentenced to have his right arm amputated, he was eventually dispatched to a monastery in Târgu Ocna.[69] Released before 1783, he dedicated himself to translating Masonic literature.[70] Other participants were also given less violent punishments, following requests from the clergy: some, such as the boyars' physician Dracache Depasta, were exiled and had their estates confiscated.[71] Carra, who continued to defy Ghica,[72] was finally ordered to leave Moldavia in February 1776.[56]
Legacy
Gheorghe and his brothers were instrumental in the process which led to the removal of Phanariote Princes, endorsing the nationalist memorandum of
Gheorghe, Arghirie and Constantin's male lines were extinguished before 1850, but the one starting with Nicolae Cuza (1755–1806) survived into the 20th century. With his Greek wife Nastasia Ziloti,
Ioan and Sultana were parents to the most distinguished Cuza of the 19th century,
According to historian Gheorghe Ghibănescu, Ioniță and his sons were "planted" in the Moldavian soil, a "trunk" for Alexandru Ioan's growth.[96] The latter was allegedly a Freemason, though the circumstances of his initiation remain unclear.[97] However, shortly before the 1866 coup which toppled him, the Domnitor surrounded himself mostly with his Cozadini relatives, who became a camarilla;[98] Alecu Moruzi also remained close to this circle.[99] Alexandru Ioan Cuza's line existed for one more generation after his death in exile, ending in March 1890, when his surviving son, the pretender Alexandru "Sașa" Cuza, died in Madrid.[100] He had been married to Alecu Moruzi's daughter Maria—a matter which stirred much controversy, particularly after she took ownership of Cuza estates.[101]
The Domnitor's uncle Gheorghe (the second) was the grandfather of the Bessarabian opera singer Valentina Cuza-Bleichmann, as well as of another political figure,
Notes
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 10–11
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11; Stoicescu, p. 392
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11
- ^ Bezviconi I, p. 95 & II, p. 49
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 25–27
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 27–38. See also Emanoil Hagi-Moscu, Steme boerești din România, [n. p.]. Bucharest: Socec, 1918
- ^ Stoicescu, p. 392
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 10–11
- ^ Stoicescu, p. 392. See also Bezviconi I, p. 111; Gorovei, p. 11; Iftimi, p. 41
- ^ Bezviconi I, p. 111
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11. See also Ploscaru, p. 491
- ^ Gorovei, p. 10
- ^ Stoicescu, p. 392. See also Gorovei, p. 11; Iftimi, p. 41
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11
- ^ Iftimi, p. 41; Stoicescu, pp. 391, 393. See also Atanasiu, p. 77; Gorovei, p. 12; Popa & Rotaru, p. 140
- ^ Djuvara, p. 346
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 25, 41. See also Bezviconi I, p. 185
- ^ Atanasiu, p. 73; Gorovei, p. 11
- ^ Gorovei, p. 11
- ^ Vogoride-Konaki, pp. 17–18
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 11–12; Iftimi, pp. 41–42; Papadopol-Calimah, pp. 352, 356–357. See also Vogoride-Konaki, pp. 16–20; Xenopol, pp. 37–40
- ^ Papadopol-Calimah, pp. 352, 357. See also Stoicescu, p. 392; Vogoride-Konaki, p. 20; Xenopol, p. 39
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12; Iftimi, pp. 41–42
- ^ Xenopol, p. 39
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 138
- ^ Atanasiu, p. 77
- ^ V. A. Urechia, "Mormĕntul lui Miron Costin", in Convorbiri Literare, Vol. XX, Issue 10, January 1887, pp. 806–807, 809–810, 816
- ^ Iftimi, p. 42; Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12
- ^ Gorovei, p. 12
- ^ Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Genealogie și cultură. O familie boierească din Moldova – Râșcanii", in Contemporanul, Issues 44–45/1992, p. 7
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 12–13. See also Xenopol, pp. 105–109
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 139. See also Iftimi, p. 42
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, pp. 138–139
- ^ "Floarea darurilor (Arhiva Ateneu). Jalba unui moldovean", in Ateneu, Vol. VIII, Issue 1, January 1971, p. 7
- ^ Paul Cernovodeanu, "Elemente incipiente ale burgheziei în societatea românească sub fanarioți", in Revista de Istorie, Vol. 40, Issue 5, 1987, p. 484
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 140. See also Iftimi, p. 42
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 10, 42. See also Popa & Rotaru, p. 140
- ^ a b Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Genealogie și cultură. Grigore Gafencu, date genealogice", in Contemporanul, Issue 38/1991, p. 6
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 140
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Ploscaru, p. 491
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Iftimi, p. 42; Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Ploscaru, pp. 490, 492
- ^ Djuvara, p. 317; Opaschi, pp. 26–27
- ^ a b Giorge Pascu, "Din Duminică în Duminică. Un aventurier pripășit la curtea lui Grigore Al. Ghica Vodă, în 1775", in Universul, March 6, 1939, p. 4
- ^ Djuvara, p. 318
- ^ Opaschi, p. 26
- ^ Opaschi, p. 27
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Iorga (1928), p. 301
- ^ Grigoruță, p. 39
- ^ a b c "Figuri revoluționare. Conferința d-lui D. V. Barnoschi la sala Dalles", in Adevărul, May 27, 1937, p. 2
- ^ Grigoruță, p. 39; Iftimi, p. 42
- ^ Xenopol, pp. 182–183
- ^ Papadopol-Calimah, p. 345
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13; Grigoruță, pp. 38–39; Iftimi, p. 42; Papadopol-Calimah, p. 345. See also Djuvara, p. 317; Iorga (1928), p. 301; Opaschi, p. 27; Popa & Rotaru, p. 140; Xenopol, p. 182
- ^ Grigoruță, p. 39. See also Iftimi, p. 42; Papadopol-Calimah, pp. 345–346
- ^ Grigoruță, p. 39; Iorga (1928), pp. 301–302; Opaschi, p. 27
- ^ Iorga (1928), pp. 301–303
- ^ Grigoruță, p. 39
- ^ Djuvara, pp. 81, 210
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13; Iftimi, p. 42
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Alexandru Cantacuzino, "Epistolă adresată lui Edgar Quinet, in 1856, de A. Cantacuzin, fost ministru și membru la Curtea de Casațiune", in Convorbiri Literare, Vol. XVIII, Issue 11, February 1885, p. 477
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, pp. 140, 142–143, 146–150
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Ploscaru, pp. 489–491
- ^ Ploscaru, pp. 491–492
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13; Popa & Rotaru, pp. 140–141
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, pp. 141–150
- ^ Bezviconi I p. 119 & II, p. 31
- ^ Bezviconi I, p. 34
- ^ Bezviconi II, p. 49
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 13, 14. See also Poni et al., p. 16, which gives Grigore's birth date as 1769
- ^ Gorovei, pp. 13–14; Iftimi, pp. 42–43. See also Poni et al., p. 16
- ^ Poni et al., pp. 16–17
- ^ Iftimi, p. 27
- ^ Iftimi, p. 45–50. See also Gorovei, p. 13; Sturdza, pp. 15–17
- ^ Iorga (1938), pp. 125–127
- ^ Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ a b Mihail Kogălniceanu, "Cuvîntu în contra alegeriĭ și a eligibilitățiĭ D-luĭ Alecsandru C. Morud̦i", in Românulŭ, December 26, 1861, p. 1136
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 40–41
- ^ S***, "Corespondință particulariă a Romanuluĭ. Jassĭ, 9 Decembre", in Românulŭ, December 20, 1861, p. 1110
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, p. 139
- ^ Opaschi, p. 37
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 45, 47; Sturdza, pp. 16, 18
- ^ Iorga (1938), pp. 367–368, 396–397
- ^ A. C. Cuza, "Întâmplări din viață și documente omenești. Pentru prima dată abdicarea lui Cuza Vodă povestită de Elena Doamna", in Magazin Istoric, January 1995, p. 5. See also Constantin Chiper, "Elena Cuza în memoria românilor (2)", in Forțele Terestre. Buletin de Teorie Militară Editat de Statul Major al Forțelor Terestre, Issue 1/2010, p. 176; Iftimi, p. 52
- ^ Nicolae Grigoraș, "Dramele Ruginoasei", in Magazin Istoric, October 1968, p. 15; Iftimi, pp. 52–53
- ^ Iftimi, pp. 54–58. See also Bezviconi II, p. 32; Gorovei, p. 13
- ^ Călinescu, p. 546; Iftimi, p. 57
- ^ Ornea, p. 395
- ^ Călinescu, p. 1031
- ^ Ornea, pp. 246, 256–257
- ISBN 973-681-799-7
- ^ Popa & Rotaru, pp. 141, 144
References
- Mihai-Bogdan Atanasiu, "Contribuții prosopografice: doi logofeți din familia Donici", in Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie, Vols. LIV–LV, 2008–2009, pp. 69–80.
- Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru, Vol. I. Bucharest: Fundația Regele Carol I, 1940; Vol. II, Bucharest: National Institute of History, 1943.
- George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1986.
- ISBN 973-28-0523-4
- Ștefan S. Gorovei, "Cronici de familii: Cuzeștii", in Magazin Istoric, December 1977, pp. 10–14.
- Sorin Grigoruță, "Un doctor ieșean în a doua jumătate a secolului XVIII: Dracache Depasta", in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie A. D. Xenopol, Vol. XLVII, 2010, pp. 33–47.
- Sorin Iftimi, Alexandru Ioan Cuza. 200 de ani de la naștere. Suceava: Editura Mușatinii, 2020.
- Nicolae Iorga,
- Cătălina Opaschi, "Medalii și însemne masonice — istorie și simbol", in Cătălina Opaschi, Katiușa Pârvan, Ernest Oberländer-Târnoveanu (eds.), Medalii și însemne masonice. Istorie și simbol. Catalog de expoziție, pp. 7–49. Bucharest: ISBN 978-973-8966-10-9
- ISBN 973-9155-43-X
- Alexandru Papadopol-Calimah, "Amintiri despre Curtea Domnească din Iași (I)", in Convorbiri Literare, Vol. XVIII, Issue 9, December 1884, pp. 341–358.
- Cristian Ploscaru, "'Duhul nesupunerii franțuzești' în Moldova. O 'zavistie' boierească la 1803–1804 și motivele sale", in Revista Istorică, Vol. XXIV, Issues 5–6, September–December 2013, pp. 479–495.
- Petru Poni (contributors: D. Ivănescu, Gh. David), "Amintiri. Ce am voit să fac", in Magazin Istoric, August 1981, pp. 14–17, 43.
- Maria Popa, Doina Rotaru, "Biserica 'Nașterea Maicii Domnului' de la Bârzești-Vaslui", in Monumentul, Vol. XI, 2010, pp. 137–156.
- N. Stoicescu, Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII. Bucharest: OCLC 822954574
- Mihai Dim. Sturdza, "Frații Cozadini", in Magazin Istoric, July 1999, pp. 15–18.
- Em. Vogoride-Konaki, "Schițe din viața și familia Logofĕtuluĭ Konaki", in OCLC 819344488
- OCLC 895225629