Isaac Brock
George Prévost | |
---|---|
Acting for | Francis Gore |
Succeeded by | Roger Hale Sheaffe |
Personal details | |
Born | Major-general | 6 October 1769
Commands | Upper Canada |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Order of the Bath |
Brock's actions, particularly his success at
Early life
Brock was born at
Despite his lack of an extensive formal education, Brock appreciated its importance. As an adult, he spent much time reading in an attempt to improve his education.[5] He read many works on military tactics and science, but he also read ancient history and other less immediately practical topics. At the time of his death, he owned a modest library of books, including classic works by Shakespeare, Voltaire, and Samuel Johnson.[6]
He kept a reputation as an "unusually tall, robust"[7] man throughout his life, with an adult height of about 6 ft 2 in (188 cm). Measurements taken from his uniform show that at his death he had a waist size of 47 inches (120 cm) and the inside brim of his hat measured 24 inches (61 cm) in circumference.[8] Though Brock was noted as a handsome man who enjoyed the company of women, he never married.[3]
Military service
Brock had a successful pre-war military career and a quick rise through the ranks, which many commented on at the time. Some credited luck and others skill in his rapid promotions, and Brock had substantial portions of both on his way to prominence. Lacking special political connections, Brock's ability to gain promotions even when the nation was at peace attests to his skills in recruiting men and organizing finances, and ambition.[9]
Early career
At the age of fifteen, Brock joined the
His nephew and biographer (Ferdinand Brock Tupper) asserts that shortly after Brock joined the regiment, a professional dueller forced a match on him.[14] As the one being challenged Brock had his choice of terms, and he insisted that they use pistols. His friends were shocked as Brock was a large target and his opponent an expert shot. Brock, however, refused to change his mind. When the duellist arrived at the field, he asked Brock to decide how many paces they would take. Brock insisted that the duel would take place not at the usual range, but at handkerchief distance (i.e., close range). The duellist declined and subsequently was forced to leave the regiment. This contributed to Brock's popularity and reputation among his fellow officers, as this duellist had a formidable reputation and was reportedly regarded as a bully in the regiment. During his time with this regiment, Brock served in the Caribbean, where he fell ill with fever and nearly died. He did not fully recover until after returning to England in 1793.[14]
Once back in Britain he spent much of his time recruiting, and he was placed in charge of recruits on Jersey. He purchased his majority on 27 June 1795,[15] and rejoined his regiment in 1796, when the rest of his men returned from the West Indies.[4]
First command
On 28 October 1797 Brock purchased the rank of
In 1799 the 49th was assigned to the
The 49th had been ordered to proceed up the beaches of Egmont-op-Zee, a steep climb through sand dunes and poor terrain. The risks were exacerbated by harassment from French sharpshooters, who had excellent cover. After about six hours of heavy fighting, the attack was stopped about a mile (1.6 km) short of the British objective. After an hour of close combat, the French began to withdraw. Brock was injured in the fighting when hit in the throat by a spent musket ball. His neck cloth prevented a possibly fatal injury.[17] In his own words, "I got knocked down shortly after the enemy began to retreat, but never quitted the field, and returned to my duty in less than half an hour."[4]
In 1801 while aboard the 74-gun
Transfer to Canada
Brock arrived in Canada with the rest of the 49th and was initially assigned to Montreal.[12] Almost immediately, in 1804 he was faced with one of the primary problems in Canada: desertion. Seven soldiers stole a boat and fled across the river (and border) into the United States. Despite having no jurisdiction on American soil, Brock sent a party across the border in pursuit and the men were captured.[4]
Mutiny
A short time later Brock received a report from Fort George that some of the garrison were planning to imprison the officers and flee to the U.S. Immediately he boarded the schooner that had brought the message and proceeded to Fort George, under the command of then-Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Hale Sheaffe. A hastily assembled honour guard formed to greet Brock's unexpected arrival. Alone on entering the fort, Brock ordered the sergeant of the guard to disarm and had him confined.[19]
As it was the dinner hour, all the soldiers were in barracks. Brock ordered the drummers to call out the men. He ordered the first officer on the scene, Lieutenant Williams, to bring him a soldier suspected of being one of the mutiny's ringleaders. Pinning the man with a sabre, Williams took him into custody. The other suspected mutineers were also captured.[19]
Brock sent the twelve mutineers and the seven deserters to Quebec for
Brock's younger brother John Savery Brock was compelled to retire from the Royal Navy after his involvement in a mutinous incident; he induced "his brother midshipmen of the fleet at Spithead to sign a round robin against their being subjected to the practice of mast-heading." He was "recommended privately to retire from the service."[23]
Pre-war preparations
After a period of leave in England over winter 1805–1806 and promotion to colonel on 29 October 1805,[24] Brock returned to Canada temporarily in command of the entire British army there. By 1806 the United States was becoming increasingly hostile to the British Empire; relations between the two nations continued to deteriorate until war finally broke out in 1812.
The United States had grievances at British violations of American sovereignty, restriction of American trade by Britain, and an American desire to gain territory by invading and annexing the poorly defended British North American colonies. American grievances included the
In response to this emerging threat, Brock moved quickly to bolster Canadian defences. He strengthened the
In 1807 Brock was appointed
As Upper Canada's administrator, Brock made a series of changes to prepare for war. He amended the militia act to allow use of all available volunteers and ordered enhanced training of these raw recruits, despite opposition from the provincial legislature.[4] He continued strengthening and reinforcing defences. Brock also began seeking out First Nations leaders, such as the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, to build alliances with him against the Americans in the event of war. Although the conventional wisdom of the day was that Canada would fall quickly in the event of an invasion, Brock pursued these strategies to give the colony a fighting chance.
Meanwhile, back in England, Brock's brother William faced financial difficulties, as the bank in which he was a senior partner failed. Isaac's commissions had been purchased with a loan entered into the bank's books by his brother, and the Brocks faced a demand for payment. Isaac could not meet the £3000 debt, but made over the whole of his salary to his brother Irving, to be used for whatever was considered most critical: his commission debt or the family's other bills.[4][27]
War of 1812
Early war and the capture of Detroit
The United States declared war on Britain on 18 June 1812. Despite his preparations, Brock was worried about Canadian security. In Upper Canada, besides the militia, there was only one British regular infantry regiment, a detachment of retired veterans, and a company of artillery. These had to be dispersed among several widely separated posts. Brock's advantage was that the armed vessels of the Provincial Marine controlled the lakes, and allowed him to move his reserves rapidly between threatened points.
Brock continually kept the commanders of his posts informed of all developments. When news of the outbreak of war reached him, he sent a canoe party under the noted trader and voyager William McKay to the British outpost at St. Joseph Island on Lake Huron. His orders to commander (Captain Charles Roberts) allowed him to stand on the defensive or attack the nearby American outpost at Fort Mackinac at his discretion. Roberts immediately launched an attack on Fort Mackinac with a scratch force of regulars, fur traders, and First Nations warriors. On 17 July, the American garrison was taken by surprise (not being aware that war had been declared) and surrendered. This victory immediately encouraged many First Nations tribes, who had hitherto been neutral or undecided, to give their active support to the British. They hoped to expel the American settlers from their territories west of the Appalachian Mountains.[28][29]
Brock felt he needed to go further. He was hampered by Governor General George Prevost, who had replaced Craig in late 1811. Prevost's orders from the government, and his own inclinations, were to emphasise defence. Prevost kept the bulk of his forces in Lower Canada to protect Quebec, and opposed any attack into United States. Brock also believed that he was handicapped by inertia and defeatism among the legislature and other officials.
He wrote to Prevost's adjutant general,
My situation is most critical, not from anything the enemy can do, but from the disposition of the people – The Population, believe me is essentially bad – A full belief possesses them that this Province must inevitably succumb – This Prepossession is fatal to every exertion – Legislators, Magistrates, Militia Officers, all, have imbibed the idea, and are so sluggish and indifferent in all their respective offices that the artful and active scoundrel is allowed to parade the Country without interruption, and commit all imaginable mischief... What a change an additional regiment would make in this part of the Province! Most of the people have lost all confidence – I however speak loud and look big.[30]
On 12 July, an American army under
Here, Brock met Tecumseh, and was immediately impressed.[32] Brock also read American dispatches captured from Hull's army. He quickly judged Hull to be timid and afraid of the First Nations in particular, and the American force to be demoralised and short of rations. Against the advice of his officers, Brock immediately prepared to launch an attack on Detroit.
He later (3 September) wrote to his brothers,
Some say that nothing could be more desperate than the measure, but I answer that the state of the Province admitted of nothing but desperate remedies. I got possession of the letters my antagonist addressed to the Secretary at War, and also of the sentiments which hundreds of his army uttered to their friends. Confidence in the General was gone, and evident despondency prevailed throughout. I have succeeded beyond expectation. I crossed the river contrary to the opinion of Cols. Procter, St. George etc.; it is therefore no wonder that envy should attribute to good fortune what in justice to my own discernment, I must say, proceeded from a cool calculation of the pours and contres.[33]
Even with his First Nations allies, Brock was outnumbered. His force included 600 "Indians" and 1300 soldiers, as well as two battleships, according to his later report.[34] Hull had 2,500 soldiers under his command.[35]
He decided to use tricks to intimidate Hull. He dressed his militia contingent in uniforms discarded by his regulars, making it appear (at a distance) as if his force consisted entirely of British regular infantry. Brock laid siege to Fort Detroit, from established artillery positions across the river in Sandwich. Through a carefully crafted series of marches, he gave the appearance of having much more numerous forces. He had Tecumseh's forces cross in front of the fort several times (doubling back under cover), intimidating Hull with the show of a large, raucous, barely controlled group of First Nations warriors. Finally, he sent Hull a letter demanding his surrender, in which he stated, in part, "It is far from my inclination to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences."[36] Brock hammered the fort with cannon fire.
On 16 August, the day after receiving Brock's letter, Hull surrendered. Hull, elderly and without recent military experience, was terrified by the risk of losing the battle.[37]
He later wrote that the surrender had saved 2,500 troops and 700 civilians from "the horrors of an Indian massacre".[38][39]
The capture of Detroit and Hull's army wounded American morale, and eliminated the main American force in the area as a threat, while at the same time boosting morale among his own forces. Brock took the American supplies at Detroit and used them for his own forces, particularly the ill-equipped militia. Under prize regulations, a substantial part of the value of the captured military stores would accrue to him. (If he had lived longer, he could have settled his debts.) Brock valued the captured ordnance supplies at £30,000. Finally, the victory secured the support of Tecumseh and the other chiefs in his confederation, who took Brock's actions as both a sign of competence and a willingness to take action.[3]
Tecumseh evidently trusted and respected Brock, reportedly saying, "This is a man" after meeting him for the first time.[3][40] Although Brock's correspondence indicates a certain amount of paternal condescension for the First Nations,[Note 3] he seems to have regarded Tecumseh very highly,[41] calling him "the Wellington of the Indians",[40] and saying "a more sagacious or a more gallant warrior does not I believe exist".[42] Brock made a number of commitments to the Shawnee. He promised to negotiate no peace treaty without addressing the Shawnee's vision of an independent homeland. There is no evidence Brock negotiated in bad faith.[Note 4][43] Brock's personal integrity and respect for First Nations peoples has been well documented, and suggest that if he had lived he would have kept his word to the Shawnee.
The capture of Detroit led to British domination over most of Michigan Territory. Brock had planned to continue his campaign into the U.S., but he was thwarted by negotiation of an armistice by Prevost with American Major General Henry Dearborn. This stalled Brock's momentum, and gave the Americans time to regroup and prepare to invade Canada. Unable to predict the point of invasion, Brock frantically worked to prepare defences throughout Upper Canada.
The
Death at Battle of Queenston Heights
Meanwhile, American general
Fearing that the Americans would move the rest of their troops across the river, Brock ordered an immediate attack on their position. True to his philosophy of never ordering men where he would not lead them, he personally led the charge on foot. Brock's charge was made by Dennis' and Williams' two companies of the 49th and two companies of militia.
Brock was struck in the wrist of his sword arm by a musket ball but continued to press home the attack. His height and energetic gestures, together with his officer's uniform and a gaudy sash given to him eight weeks earlier by Tecumseh after the siege of Detroit,
Following the death of Brock, Lieutenant-Colonel John Macdonell became the senior officer. A lawyer by trade and having little military experience, Macdonell led a second attempt to retake the redan.[54] With Williams' men of the 49th starting from brush to the right of the line near the escarpment and Macdonell's anchoring the left, the force of between 70 and 80 men (more than half of whom were militia) advanced toward the redan. Wool had been reinforced by more troops who had just made their way up the path to the top of the Heights, and Macdonell faced some four hundred troops. During the charge, it is reported that the 49th used "Revenge the General" as a battle cry.[55]
Despite the disadvantage in numbers as well as attacking a fixed position, Williams' and Macdonell's small force was driving the opposing force to the edge of the gorge on which the redan was situated, and seemed on the verge of success before the Americans were able to regroup and stand firm. The momentum of the battle turned when a musket ball hit Macdonell's mount (causing it to rear and twist around) and another shot hit him in the small of the back, causing him to fall from the horse.[56] He was removed from the battlefield and died from his injuries early the next day. Captain Williams was laid low by a wound to the head, and Dennis by a severe wound to the thigh (although he continued to lead his detachment throughout the action).[57] Carrying Macdonnell and the body of Brock, the British fell back through Queenston to Durham's Farm, a mile north near Vrooman's Point.[58]
In the afternoon, Sheaffe arrived on the battlefield with reinforcements and took command of the British forces. In sharp contrast to his predecessors' direct attacks, Sheaffe took a more cautious approach. This ultimately proved successful, leading to a total victory over the Americans.
Burial
After the battle, Sheaffe and his staff decided to entrust the funeral arrangements to Captain
A small cairn at the foot of the Niagara Escarpment marks the spot where Brock fell. In 1824, Brock's and Macdonell's remains were moved into Brock's Monument, which overlooked the Queenston Heights. That original monument was bombed and heavily damaged in 1840. (This action was reputedly by Irish-Canadian terrorist Benjamin Lett[60] although a subsequent Assize failed to confirm this.).[61] It was replaced by a larger structure 185 feet (56 m) high, built at public expense, that still stands. Brock's remains were reinterred inside the new Monument on 13 October 1853. An inscription reads: "Upper Canada has dedicated this monument to the memory of the late Major-General Isaac Brock, K.B. provisional lieutenant-governor and commander of the forces in the province whose remains are deposited in the vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy he fell in action near these heights on 13 October 1812, in the forty-third year of his age. Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed and deplored by the sovereign to whose services his life had been devoted."[62]
Legacy
On British leadership
British military leadership, which had been decisive up to Brock's death, suffered a blow with his loss. His direct successor, Major-General Sheaffe, although successful in his approach at Queenston Heights, was never able to live up to Brock's reputation. He was criticised by many, including John Strachan, for his retreat at the Battle of York, and was shortly after recalled to England, where he continued a successful, if not brilliant, military career.[63]
Brock's successor at Detroit, however, fared much worse.
As for Governor General Prevost, who often clashed with Brock, he remained in command of all British forces until after the
In Britain
Although Brock's achievements in Canada were overshadowed by larger-scale fighting in Europe, his death was still widely noted, particularly in
As a mark of esteem, the
A British naval vessel named in his honour, HMS Sir Isaac Brock, was destroyed at the Battle of York while under construction to prevent it falling into enemy hands.[69] The Regimental Depot of the 49th of Foot (later the Royal Berkshire Regiment), was established at Reading and named Brock Barracks in his memory in 1934. It is now used as a cadets and reserve infantry centre.[70]
In Canada
Canadians regard Brock as one of their greatest military heroes.[71] He was voted number 28 on the television show The Greatest Canadian, although he was not born or naturalized as a Canadian.[72]
Although many Canadians have come to view Brock as one of their own, Brock never really felt at home in Canada. On the whole, he viewed the country as a backwater, and earnestly wished to return to Europe to fight against Napoleon.[Note 5] Brock mistrusted the Canadian colonists,[Note 6] many of whom he suspected of being American sympathizers, and he was reluctant to arm them indiscriminately to help defend the colonies. He favoured expansion of volunteer forces which could be trained and supervised,[Note 7] as well as the use of British regulars and Tecumseh's warriors.
Since his death, several legends and myths about Brock have arisen. In 1908, the story of Brock's betrothal to Sophia Shaw, the daughter of General
In 1816, an unknown company issued a series of private half-penny tokens honouring Brock with the title "The Hero of Upper Canada". Private copper tokens became common in Canada due to initial distrust of "army bills", paper notes issued by Brock when there was a currency shortage caused by economic growth.[75]
Brockville and Brock in Ontario, Brock in Saskatchewan, General Isaac Brock Parkway on Highway 405 and Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, are all named in tribute to Brock. Schools named in his honour include one in Winnipeg, and public schools in Toronto, Guelph, Hamilton, London, Vancouver, and Windsor, Ontario. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate Major-General Sir Isaac Brock's role in Ontario's heritage.[76] The section of Spadina Avenue south of Queen Street in Toronto was once named Brock Street in his honour.[77]
In September 2012, the Royal Canadian Mint issued a .99999 pure gold coin with a face value of 350 dollars to honor the bicentenary of Brock's death. The reverse design was taken from a half-penny token issued in 1816 as a memorial to Brock.[78] In addition, there have been quarters that have been released, one with a coloured maple leaf and the other with a frosted maple leaf.
The Bathurst Street Bridge was renamed the Sir Isaac Brock Bridge by the City of Toronto at the suggestion of the Friends of Fort York.[79]
In Guernsey
Brock's childhood home on High Street,
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Traditionally the regimental colours were placed in the care of the regiment's most junior officer, which in this case would be Brock.
- ^ In British practice of the time brigadier general was not a permanent rank but an appointment of colonels or lieutenant colonels for a specific purpose or period of time
- ^ See letters from Brock to Lt.-Gen. Prevost, dated 2 and 3 December 1811, quoted in Tupper (1847) pp. 123–130
- Colonel Procter, dated 17 September 1812, and Sir George Prevost, dated 18 September 1812, quoted in Tupper (1847)pp. 310–311, 314–315
- ^ See letters from Brock to his brothers dated 5 September 1808 and 19 November 1808, quoted in Tupper (1847) pp. 72–74
- ^ See letters from Brock to his brothers dated 31 December 1809, and to the Right Honourable W. Windham, dated 12 February 1807, quoted in Tupper (1847) pp. 75, 46
- ^ See letter from Brock to Viscount Castlereagh dated 25 July 1807, quoted in Tupper (1847) p. 63
Citations
- ^ Kosche (1985)
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. viii
- ^ a b c d e "Isaac Brock – Saviour of Canada". Historica Canadiana. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stacey (DCB)
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 4–5, 88
- ^ Wilson, W.R. (2004). "The Earthly Possessions of Sir Isaac Brock". Historical Narratives of Early Canada. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 4
- ^ a b c Malcomson (2004)
- ^ a b Tupper (1847) p. 6
- ^ "No. 12627". The London Gazette. 5 March 1785. p. 121.
- ^ "No. 13166". The London Gazette. 12 January 1790. pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b c Sweetman (2004)
- ^ "No. 13278". The London Gazette. 29 January 1791. p. 63.
- ^ a b Tupper (1847) pp. 5–6
- ^ "No. 13790". The London Gazette. 23 June 1795. pp. 659–660.
- ^ "No. 14059". The London Gazette. 24 October 1797. pp. 1023–1024.
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 8
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 18–20
- ^ a b c Tupper (1847) pp. 26–30
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 31–32
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 348–349
- ^ Nursey (1908), p. 49
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 22
- ^ "No. 15856". The London Gazette. 29 October 1805. p. 1341.
- ^ Letter from Jefferson to Colonel William Duane, 4 August 1812
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 108–109
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 110–113
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 224–225
- ^ Steppler
- ^ Stacey, quoted in Zaslow, p. 13
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 241–242
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 244, 253
- ^ Stacey, quoted in Zaslow, p. 17
- ISBN 978-0786463855.
- ISBN 978-0887842610.
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 246
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 254
- ^ "Capture of Detroit, War of 1812". Canadian Encyclopedia. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ISBN 978-0786463855.
- ^ a b Tupper (1847) p. 262
- ^ Gevinson, Alan. "Namesake of a Peacekeeper". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 253
- ^ Tupper (1847) pp. 318–321, 347
- ^ Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
- ^ Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 33
- ^ a b Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 9
- ^ a b Nursey (1908), p. 177
- ^ Hitsman, Graves, & Prevost (2000), p. 96
- ^ Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 36
- ^ Tupper (1847), p. 331 footnote
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 331
- ^ Latimer (2007), p. 79
- ^ "Battle re-enactment, Brock funeral parade weekend highlights". Niagara Advance. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Malcomson (2003), p. 154
- ^ Nursey (1908), pp. 161–162
- ^ Malcomson (2003), p. 155
- ^ Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 10
- ^ Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 38
- ^ Collins (2006), p. 116
- ^ Malcomson (2003), p. 216
- ^ "Brock's Monument". Tourism Niagara. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ a b "Commemorative Plaques & Markers". Niagara Parks. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ^ Whitfield & Turner
- ^ "The Battle of the River Raisin". River Raisin Battlefield. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ Burroughs
- Sinclair, W.pp. 457: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909
- ^ "No. 16656". The London Gazette. 6 October 1812. p. 2040.
- ^ a b "No. 16696". The London Gazette. 19 January 1813. pp. 157–158.
- ^ "War of 1812 Timeline". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "Brock Barracks, Reading". Reading Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Fredriksen (2001), p. 72
- ^ "The Greatest Canadian". CBC. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
- ^ Nursey (1908), pp. 79, 136
- ^ Tupper (1847) p. 341
- ^ Whelan, Martin (26 July 2001). "The Coin Collection: Hero of Upper Canada". Waterford County Museum. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
- ^ "Ontario Plaque". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012.
- ^ "Toronto's Spadina Ave. When it was a quiet rural location". 26 January 2013.
- ^ "2012 Sir Isaac Brock $350 Gold Coin". Coin Update. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^ "Direction". Friends of Fort York and Garrison Common. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^ "Brock University, Canada". States of Guernsey. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ "Future Student Awards". Brock University. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
References
- Burroughs, Peter (1983). "Prevost, Sir George". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- Collins, Gilbert (2006). Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812 (2nd ed.). Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-55002-626-9.
- OCLC 480289.
- Fredriksen, John C. (2001). "Isaac Brock". America's Military Adversaries. Sant Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- Garrard, Graeme (October 2012). "The Saviour of Canada". History Today. History Today Ltd. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- Hitsman, J. MacKay; Graves, Donald E.; Prevost, Christopher, Sir (2000). The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Latimer, Jon (2007). 1812: War with America. ISBN 978-0-674-02584-4.
- Kosche, Ludwig (Summer 1985). "Contemporary portraits of Isaac Brock: An analysis". Archivaria. 1 (20): 22–66. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- Malcomson, Robert (2003). A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-33-8.
- Malcomson, Robert (1 October 2004). "Picturing Isaac Brock: heroes attract legends like magnets attract iron. But what is really true about Isaac Brock, the saviour of Upper Canada?". The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History. Canada's National History Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
- Nursey, Walter R. (1908). The Story of Isaac Brock. (published online by Project Gutenberg). Toronto: William Briggs.
- Stacey, C. P. (1983). "Brock, Sir Isaac". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- Stacey, C. P. (1964). "The Defence of Upper Canada". In Zaslow, Morris (ed.). The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: MacMillan. OCLC 480289.
- Steppler, Glenn A. (1983). "Roberts, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
- Sweetman, John (2004). "Brock, Sir Isaac (1769–1812)". required.)
- Tupper, Ferdinand Brock, ed. (1847). The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (2nd ed.). London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
- Whitfield, Carol M.; Turner, Wesley B. (1985). "Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
Further reading
- Benn, Carl (2003). The War of 1812. Oxford: Osprey. ]
- ISBN 0-316-09216-9.
- Berton, Pierre (1991). The Capture of Detroit. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-1425-2.
- Berton, Pierre (1991). The Death of Isaac Brock. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-1426-0.
- Lamb, William K. (1962). The Hero of Upper Canada. Toronto: Rous and Mann. OCLC 4770927.
- Malcomson, Robert (1996). Burying General Brock: A History of Brock's Monuments. Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON: Friends of Fort George. ISBN 0-9699298-1-1.
- Riley, Jonathon (2011). A Matter of Honour: The Life, Campaigns and Generalship of Isaac Brock. Midpoint Trade Books. ISBN 978-1896941653.
- OCLC 2227295.
- Turner, Wesley B. (2011). Astonishing General: The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1459700062.
- Published dispatches by Brock relating to the capture of Fort Detroit. "No. 16653". The London Gazette. 6 October 1812. pp. 2011–2014.
External links
- Historica.ca Article on Isaac Brock, Complete With References
- Information on Isaac Brock's family and genealogy
- The Friends of Fort George: Brock's Monument
- Brock University
- Works by Isaac Brock at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Isaac Brock at Internet Archive
- Various Research on Isaac Brock Brock University Library Digital Repository