Winnipeg
Winnipeg | |
---|---|
City | |
City of Winnipeg | |
GDP per capita (Winnipeg CMA) | CA$50,510 (2021)[9] |
Website | winnipeg |
Winnipeg (/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. As of 2021[update], Winnipeg had a city population of 749,607 and a metropolitan population of 834,678, making it Canada's sixth-largest city and eighth-largest metropolitan area.[6]
The city is named after the nearby
Known as the "Gateway to the West", Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy. This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals, including the
Etymology
Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, 65 km (40 mi) north of the city. English explorer Henry Kelsey may have been the first European to see the lake in 1690. He adopted the Cree and Ojibwe name win-nipi (also transcribed win-nipiy or ouenpig) meaning "murky water" or "muddy water"[11][12][13] (modern Cree: wīnipēk, ᐑᓂᐯᐠ). French-Canadian fur trader La Vérendrye referred to the lake as Lac Gouinipique or Ouinipigon when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s.[14] Local newspaper The Nor'-Wester included the name on its masthead on 24 February 1866, and the city was incorporated by that name by the Manitoba Legislature in 1873.[13]
History
Early history
Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North, a location now known as "the Forks." This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact.[15] Evidence provided by archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art, and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, harvesting, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, farther north, for agriculture.[16]
Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area range from 11,500 years ago for a site southwest of the present city to 6,000 years ago at the Forks.[17][18] In 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions.[19] The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, which helped fur traders navigate the waterways of the area.[20]
Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement (known as the Red River Colony), the purchase of land from the Hudson's Bay Company, and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century.[24] The North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg.[25] The two companies competed fiercely over trade.[26] The Métis and Lord Selkirk's settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies merged, ending their long rivalry.[27] Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson's Bay Company.[28] A flood destroyed the fort in 1826 and it was not rebuilt until 1835.[28] A rebuilt section of the fort, consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall, is near the modern-day corner of Main Street and Broadway in downtown Winnipeg.[29]
In 1869–70, present-day Winnipeg was the site of the
Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881.[37] The railway divided the North End, which housed mainly Eastern Europeans, from the richer Anglo-Saxon southern part of the city.[17] It also contributed to a demographic shift beginning shortly after Confederation that saw the francophone population decrease from a majority to a small minority group. This shift resulted in Premier Thomas Greenway controversially ending legislative bilingualism and removing funding for French Catholic Schools in 1890.[38]
Modern history (1900–present)
By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city.[17] However, the city faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914.[39] The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of World War I.[40]
More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the
The
In the
Before 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. In 1960, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co-ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region.
Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the
Geography
Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with an extremely flat topography.[58] It is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada and is known as the "Gateway to the West".[17] Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization.[59] It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake).[60] Winnipeg has North America's largest extant mature urban elm forest.[61] The city has an area of 464.08 km2 (179.18 sq mi).[2]
Winnipeg has four major rivers: the Red, Assiniboine, La Salle and Seine.[62] The city was subject to severe flooding in the past. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826. Another large flood in 1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations.[63] This flood prompted Duff Roblin's provincial government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city.[17] In the 1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood's impact on cities without such structures, such as Grand Forks, North Dakota.[64] The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in many mosquitoes during wetter years.[65]
Climate
Winnipeg's location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm-summer humid continental climate[66] (Köppen: Dfb),[67] with warm, humid summers, and long, severely cold winters. Summers have a July mean average of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F).[4] Winters are the coldest time of year, with the January mean average around −16.4 °C (2.5 °F) and total winter precipitation (December through February) averaging 55.2 mm (2.17 in).[4] Temperatures occasionally drop below −40 °C (−40 °F).[4]
On average, there are 317.8 days per year with measurable sunshine, with July seeing the most.[68] With 2,353 hours of sunshine per year, Winnipeg is the second-sunniest city in Canada.[69] Total annual precipitation (both rain and snow) is just over 521 mm (20.5 in).[4] Thunderstorms are very common during summer and sometimes severe enough to produce tornadoes.[70] Low wind chill values are a common occurrence in the local climate. The wind chill has gone down as low as −57.1 °C (−70.8 °F), and on average twelve days of the year reach a wind chill below −40 °C (−40 °F).[4]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was during the 1936 North American heat wave. The temperature reached 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 11 July 1936 while the highest minimum temperature, recorded on the following day, 12 July 1936, was 28.3 °C (82.9 °F).[71] The apparent heat can be even more extreme due to bursts of humidity, and on 25 July 2007 a humidex reading of 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) was measured.[4]
The frost-free season is comparatively long for a location with such severe winters. The last spring frost is on average around 23 May, while the first fall frost is on 22 September.[4]
Climate data for Winnipeg (Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport) WMO ID: 71852; coordinates 49°55′N 97°14′W / 49.917°N 97.233°W; elevation: 238.7 m (783 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high humidex | 6.3 | 11.1 | 28.0 | 34.1 | 40.2 | 46.1 | 47.3 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 34.3 | 23.9 | 9.3 | 47.3 |
Record high °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
38.3 (100.9) |
42.2 (108.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.8 (101.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
42.2 (108.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.3 (2.7) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −21.2 (−6.2) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −44.4 (−47.9) |
−45.0 (−49.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−47.8 (−54.0) |
−47.8 (−54.0) |
Record low wind chill | −56.4 | −57.1 | −49.4 | −35.8 | −20.8 | −7.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −11.5 | −24.2 | −48.1 | −50.6 | −57.1 |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.0 (0.71) |
13.3 (0.52) |
25.5 (1.00) |
32.5 (1.28) |
69.5 (2.74) |
74.3 (2.93) |
76.6 (3.02) |
74.3 (2.93) |
53.2 (2.09) |
38.1 (1.50) |
24.7 (0.97) |
19.4 (0.76) |
519.2 (20.44) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
3.8 (0.15) |
8.8 (0.35) |
19.9 (0.78) |
66.2 (2.61) |
79.3 (3.12) |
89.0 (3.50) |
80.9 (3.19) |
46.6 (1.83) |
33.8 (1.33) |
7.2 (0.28) |
0.5 (0.02) |
436.1 (17.17) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 25.0 (9.8) |
11.8 (4.6) |
19.2 (7.6) |
13.6 (5.4) |
4.1 (1.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
4.2 (1.7) |
21.1 (8.3) |
27.2 (10.7) |
126.2 (49.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 11.9 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 129.8 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.47 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 5.3 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 7.2 | 2.9 | 0.75 | 79.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 12.2 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 3.2 | 0.82 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 8.7 | 11.6 | 53.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST)
|
72.7 | 71.0 | 67.9 | 49.1 | 47.8 | 54.6 | 55.7 | 52.3 | 54.7 | 61.0 | 72.6 | 76.5 | 61.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 114.7 | 133.9 | 181.9 | 241.4 | 285.2 | 276.3 | 308.3 | 281.4 | 189.0 | 147.4 | 93.9 | 99.5 | 2,352.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 42.9 | 47.2 | 49.5 | 58.6 | 59.8 | 56.6 | 62.6 | 62.8 | 49.8 | 44.1 | 34.4 | 39.2 | 50.6 |
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (sun 1981–2010)[72][73][74][75] |
Cityscape
There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg.[76] Downtown Winnipeg, the city's financial heart and economic core, is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street and covers about 2.6 km2 (1 sq mi). More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges.[77]
Downtown Winnipeg's Exchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange, which operated from 1880 to 1913.[77] The 30-block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early 20th-century terracotta and cut stone architecture, Stephen Juba Park, and Old Market Square.[77] Other major downtown areas are the Forks, Central Park, Broadway-Assiniboine and Chinatown. Many of Downtown Winnipeg's major buildings are linked with the Winnipeg Walkway.[78] Residential neighbourhoods surround the downtown in all directions; expansion is greatest to the south and west, although several areas remain underdeveloped.[79] The city's largest park, Assiniboine Park, houses the Assiniboine Park Zoo and the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden.[80] Other large city parks include Kildonan Park and St. Vital Park. The city's major commercial areas are Polo Park, Kildonan Crossing, South St. Vital, Garden City (West Kildonan), Pembina Strip, Kenaston Smart Centre, Osborne Village, and the Corydon strip.[81] The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District, the Forks, Osborne Village and Corydon Village (both in Fort Rouge), Sargent and Ellice Avenues (West End) and Old St. Boniface.[82] Osborne Village is Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhood[83] and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in Western Canada.[84]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 241 | — |
1881 | 7,995 | +3217.4% |
1891 | 26,529 | +231.8% |
1901 | 42,540 | +60.4% |
1911 | 136,035 | +219.8% |
1921 | 179,097 | +31.7% |
1931 | 218,785 | +22.2% |
1941 | 221,969 | +1.5% |
1951 | 235,710 | +6.2% |
1961 | 265,420 | +12.6% |
1971 | 246,246 | −7.2% |
1981 | 564,373 | +129.2% |
1991 | 616,790 | +9.3% |
2001 | 619,544 | +0.4% |
2011 | 663,617 | +7.1% |
2021 | 749,607 | +13.0% |
The drastic population increase between 1971 and 1981 was due in part to Winnipeg's amalgamation in 1972. Source: [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][5] |
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Winnipeg had a population of 749,607 living in 300,431 of its 315,465 total private dwellings, a change of 6.3% from its 2016 population of 705,244. With a land area of 461.78 km2 (178.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,623.3/km2 (4,204.3/sq mi) in 2021.[93] As of the 2021 census, 16.6 percent of residents were 14 years old or younger, 66.4 percent were between 15 and 64 years old, and 17.0 percent were 65 or over. The average age of a Winnipegger was 40.3.[5]
At the
Winnipeg represents 54.9% of the population of the province of Manitoba, the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada.
Winnipeg has a significant and increasing
The 2021 census reported that immigrants comprise 201,040 persons or 27.3% of the total population of Winnipeg. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were the Philippines (62,100 persons or 30.9%), India (27,605 persons or 13.7%), and China (8,900 persons or 4.4%).[5] The city receives over 10,000 net international immigrants per year.[100] Winnipeg has the greatest percentage of Filipino residents (11.3%) of any major Canadian city, although Toronto has more Filipinos by total population.[5] As of 2021, 34% of residents were of a visible minority.[5]
More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg, of which the most common is English: 95 percent of Winnipeggers speak English as their first language, and 2.8 percent have a first language of French (Canada's other
The
Economy
Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has a diversified economy, with major employment in the health care and social assistance (14%), retail (11%), manufacturing (8%), and public administration (8%) sectors.
According to the Conference Board of Canada, Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 1.9 percent in 2019. Gross Domestic Product was $43.3 billion in 2018.[103]
The city had an unemployment rate of 5.3% in 2019, compared to a national rate of 5.7%. Household income per capita was $47,824, compared to $49,744 nationally.[104]
The Royal Canadian Mint, established in 1976, produces all circulating coinage in Canada.[105] The facility, located in southeastern Winnipeg, also produces coins for many other countries.[106]
In 2012, Winnipeg was ranked by
Culture
Winnipeg was named the Cultural Capital of Canada in 2010 by Canadian Heritage.
The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles, notably in the areas of
The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country[120] and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art.[17][121] Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an active artist run centre culture.[122]
Winnipeg's three largest performing arts venues, the
Winnipeg has hosted numerous Hollywood productions: Shall We Dance? (2004), Capote (2005), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), and A Dog's Purpose (2017), among others were filmed in the city.[131][132] The Winnipeg Film Group has produced numerous award-winning films.[133] There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg: the most prominent are Farpoint Films, Frantic Films, Buffalo Gal Pictures, and Les Productions Rivard.[134] Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg, an independent film released in 2008, is a comedic rumination on the city's history.[135]
The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg.[136] The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year.[137] Manitoba Opera is Manitoba's only full-time professional opera company.[138] Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Bachman–Turner Overdrive,[139] The Guess Who,[140] Neil Young,[141] The Weakerthans,[142] the Crash Test Dummies,[143] Propagandhi,[144] Bif Naked,[145] and The Watchmen[146] among many others.[139] Winnipeg also has a significant place in Canadian jazz history, being the location of Canada's first jazz concert in 1914 at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre.[147]
The
The
The
Festivals
Sports
Winnipeg has been home to several professional
Past hockey teams based in Winnipeg include the Winnipeg Maroons, Winnipeg Warriors, three-time Stanley Cup Champion Winnipeg Victorias and the Winnipeg Falcons, who were the gold medalists representing Canada at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Another professional ice hockey team in Winnipeg is the Manitoba Moose, the American Hockey League primary affiliate of the Winnipeg Jets that the same group owns.[166][167] On the international stage, Winnipeg has hosted national and world hockey championships on a number of occasions, most notably the 1999 World Junior Hockey Championship and 2007 Women's World Hockey Championship.[168][169] The city is also home to the Manitoba Herd National Ringette League team.[170]
The
Winnipeg was the first Canadian city to host the Pan American Games, and the second city to host the event twice, in 1967 and again in 1999.[179] The Pan Am Pool, built for the 1967 Pan Am Games, hosts aquatic events, including diving, speed swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo.[180] Other notable sporting events hosted by Winnipeg include the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup (co-hosted with Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Moncton)[181] the 2017 Canada Summer Games[182][183] and the 2023 World Police and Fire Games.[184][185]
Club | Sport | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winnipeg Blue Bombers | Canadian football | CFL | Osborne Stadium (1935–1952) Winnipeg Stadium (1953–2012) Princess Auto Stadium (2013–present) |
1930 | 12 |
Winnipeg Jets | Ice hockey | WHA (1972–1979) NHL (1979–1996, 2011–present) |
Winnipeg Arena (1972–1996) Canada Life Centre (2011–present) |
Original: 1972–1996 : 2011
Current |
3 (WHA Avco Cup) 0 |
Valour FC | Soccer
|
CPL | Princess Auto Stadium | 2018 | 0 |
Winnipeg Goldeyes | Baseball | American Association (2011–present)
|
Shaw Park
|
1994 | 4 |
Winnipeg Sea Bears[186] | Basketball | CEBL | Canada Life Centre | 2022 | 0 |
Manitoba Moose | Ice hockey | IHL (1996–2001) AHL (2001–2011, 2015–present) |
Winnipeg Arena (1996–2004) Canada Life Centre (2004–2011, 2015–present) |
1996–2011, 2015–present | 0 |
Local media
Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press and the Winnipeg Sun.[187] There are also several ethnic weekly newspapers.[188]
Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922;
Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954. The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until the
Law and government
Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor, both elected every four years.
In federal politics, as of 2019, Winnipeg is represented by eight
Crime
From 2007 to 2011, Winnipeg was the "murder capital" of Canada, with the highest per-capita rate of homicides; as of 2022, with a homicide rate of 7.2 per 100,000, it is in second place, behind Thunder Bay (13.7 per 100,000).[203][204][205] In 2019, Winnipeg had the 13th-highest violent crime index in Canada, and the highest robbery rate.[206] Winnipeg was the "violent crime capital" of Canada in 2020 according to the Statistics Canada police-reported violent crime severity index.[207] Despite high overall violent crime rates, crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city, which makes up only 19% of the population[208] but was the site of 86.4% of the city's shootings, 66.5% of the robberies, 63.3% of the homicides and 59.5% of the sexual assaults in 2012.[209]
From the early 1990s to the mid-2000s, Winnipeg had a significant auto-theft problem, with the rate peaking at 2,165.0 per 100,000 residents in 2006
As of 2018, the Winnipeg Police Service had 1,914 police officers, which is one officer per 551 city residents, and cost taxpayers $290,564,015.[214] In November 2013, the national police union reviewed the Winnipeg Police Force and found high average response times for several categories of calls.[215][216] In 2017, the city started to deal with an increasingly large methamphetamine problem, fuelling violent crime.[217][218]
Education
Winnipeg has seven
The
Winnipeg also has three independent colleges:
Infrastructure
Transportation
Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting with
Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail at Union Station for passenger rail, and Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, and the Central Manitoba Railway for freight rail. It is the only major city between Vancouver and Thunder Bay with direct US connections by rail (freight).[232]
Winnipeg is the largest and best-connected city in Manitoba and has highways leading in all directions from the city. To the south, Winnipeg is connected to the United States via
The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport completed a $585 million redevelopment in October 2011. The development brought a new terminal, a four-level parking facility, and other infrastructure improvements.[236] Winnipeg Bus Terminal, at Winnipeg International Airport, previously served by Greyhound Canada (through its subsidiary Grey Goose Bus Lines), Winnipeg Shuttle Service and Brandon Air Shuttle. Since Greyhound's exit from Western Canada, few remaining routes still serve the terminal.[237]
Approximately 8,100 ha (20,000 acres) of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as an
Several taxi companies serve Winnipeg, the largest being Unicity, Duffy's Taxi and Spring Taxi. Ride-sharing was legalized in March 2018 and services including Uber operate in Winnipeg.
Medical centres and hospitals
Winnipeg has multiple major hospitals:
The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg is one of only a handful of biosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.[247] The NML houses laboratories of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease collocated in the same facility. Research facilities are also operated through hospitals and private biotechnology companies in the city.[248][249]
Utilities
Water and sewage services are provided by the city.[250] The city draws its water via an aqueduct from Shoal Lake, treating and fluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system.[251] The city's system has over 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of underground water mains, which are subject to breakage due to corrosion and pressure from extreme dry, wet, or cold soil conditions.[252]
Winnipeg contracts out several services to private companies, including garbage and recycling collection, street plowing and snow removal. This practice represents a significant budget expenditure. The services have faced numerous complaints from residents about missed service.[255][256][257][258]
Military
There are two squadrons based in the city. The
There are several units of the Canadian Army Primary Reserve based in Winnipeg. These include
For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks, now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre.[266] They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks between River Heights and Tuxedo. Since 2004, the battalion has operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon.[267]
See also
References
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Notes
- St. John's College from March 1872 to July 1938, and at Winnipeg Airportfrom January 1938 to present.
Further reading
- Artibise, Alan F. J. (1979). Gateway City: Documents on the City of Winnipeg 1873–1913 (PDF). Vol. V. Manitoba Record Society Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2007.
- Hamilton, John David (1998). A Winnipeg album: glimpses of the way we were. Hounslow Press. ISBN 0-88882-204-9.
- Friesen, Gerald (2009). Prairie metropolis: new essays on Winnipeg social history. University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-713-2.
External links
- Official website
- Media related to Winnipeg at Wikimedia Commons
- Winnipeg travel guide from Wikivoyage