Jerry Voorhis
Jerry Voorhis | |
---|---|
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 12th district | |
In office January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1947 | |
Preceded by | John H. Hoeppel |
Succeeded by | Richard Nixon |
Personal details | |
Born | Horace Jeremiah Voorhis April 6, 1901 Ottawa, Kansas, U.S. |
Died | September 11, 1984 Claremont, California, U.S. | (aged 83)
Political party | Democratic (from 1934) Socialist (until 1934) |
Spouse |
Alice Louise Livingston
(m. 1924) |
Alma mater | |
Signature | |
Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis (April 6, 1901 – September 11, 1984) was a
Voorhis was born in
In the House of Representatives, Voorhis was a loyal supporter of the New Deal and compiled a liberal voting record. His major legislative achievement was the Voorhis Act of 1940 requiring registration of certain organizations controlled by foreign powers. After being re-elected by comfortable margins four times, he faced Nixon in 1946 in a bitter campaign in which Voorhis's supposed endorsement by groups linked to the Communist Party was made into a major issue. Nixon won the Republican-leaning district by over 15,000 votes and Voorhis refused to run against Nixon in 1948.
During a writing career spanning a half-century, Voorhis penned several books. Following his defeat by Nixon, he retired from politics and worked for almost twenty years as an executive in the cooperative movement. He died in a California retirement home in 1984 at the age of 83.
Early life and career
Voorhis was born in
Voorhis resisted all encouragement toward a business or management career, much to his father's disappointment.[7] While attending Yale, he came to believe that "the Christian Gospel is to be taken seriously, and that needless poverty and suffering on the one hand and special privilege and inordinate power on the other are entirely contrary to its precepts".[8] He later stated that he lacked the faith in his own judgment to leave Yale and get a job in "the real world [which] lay beyond the college walls".[9] However, once he graduated, Voorhis engaged a room at a boarding house and went to work as a receiving clerk, a job he soon exchanged for one as a freight handler. Later in 1923, he was laid off.[10] In 1923 and 1924, he served as a traveling representative for the YMCA in Germany,[4] though his stay was cut short by illness.[5] Suffering from pneumonia, Voorhis spent six weeks recovering in a London nursing home.[11]
Charles Voorhis's job with Nash had taken him to a new home in Kenosha, Wisconsin; Jerry Voorhis joined his parents there on his return from Europe. As part of his recovery from his illness, he spent several weeks in northwestern Wyoming, working on a ranch. In Kenosha, he met a social worker named Alice Louise Livingston and married her on November 27, 1924, in her hometown of Washington, Iowa.[12] Resuming his blue-collar career after his marriage, Voorhis moved to North Carolina with his wife and went to work in a Ford plant in Charlotte until being offered work as a teacher in an Illinois school for underprivileged boys, teaching three grades, coaching sports, and giving religious talks in the school's chapel each morning. This was followed by a year in Laramie, Wyoming, where the Voorhises founded and ran an orphanage for boys.[1][13]
In 1927, the now-retired Charles Voorhis offered his son an opportunity to found a boys academy near the elder Voorhis's home in Pasadena, California. Jerry Voorhis responded by moving to California.[14] In 1928, he founded and became headmaster of the Voorhis School for Boys in San Dimas, California, a post he retained after his election to Congress.[1] In addition to academic tutelage, the Voorhis School's boys received training in farming, mechanical work, and other manual vocations.[15] Charles and Jerry Voorhis would put much of the family fortune into the school.[16] After Voorhis's election to Congress, the school would be closed down, with the land and buildings donated to California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), later serving as the university's Southern California campus until it moved in 1950 to Pomona. Voorhis remained in close touch with his school's alumni.[17]
Voorhis also involved himself in the local community. He organized cooperatives among the local ranchers and farmers. When strikes occurred, he would walk the picket lines with the workers.[16] Voorhis gave lectures at Pomona College from 1930 until 1935.[4] He began publishing articles, writing in 1933, "We could produce plenty for all, but we don't do it ... we will do it only when all producing wealth is owned publicly. ... Incidentally, we would then be living in the kingdom of God."[18]
Political career
Congressional service
Voorhis was a candidate for the California State Assembly in 1934,
Voorhis was reelected to Congress four times and had one of Congress's most liberal voting records.
In January 1937, Voorhis's first legislative initiative was to propose a dramatic increase in spending for the Works Progress Administration in order to increase employment.[23] While this effort was unsuccessful,[24] Congress, faced with an economic downturn the following year, increased WPA spending beyond the level which Voorhis had sought.[25] While the 75th Congress had in excess of 300 Democrats, many of them were conservative, and Voorhis emerged as a leader of a progressive caucus of some 50 representatives.[26] Voorhis advocated the purchase by the Federal Government of the stock in the Federal Reserve Banks, which was held by the member banks, as a way of financing government expenditures and briefly got President Roosevelt to support the measure until the President's advisers caused Roosevelt to change his mind.[27] Voorhis later allied with future House Banking Committee chairman Wright Patman to force Federal Reserve Banks to pay most of the interest they earned on federal securities to the U.S. Government, rather than to the bank stockholders.[28]
In the run-up to
Once war was declared, Voorhis supported
Voorhis often opposed the petroleum industry, questioning the need for the
Record and campaigns
Voorhis "temperamentally and philosophically loathed" communism.[39] He sponsored the Voorhis Act of 1940, which required political organizations which were controlled by a foreign power or which engaged in military activities to subvert the American government to register with the Justice Department. Voorhis also served as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee[22] (HUAC) though Time magazine stated he could be "counted upon ... to temper rightist blasts for leftist lambs".[39]
Voorhis was generally highly regarded by his colleagues and others in Washington. Senator Paul Douglas of Illinois considered Voorhis "a political saint",[40] and said of Voorhis, "Driven by conscience, he had a compulsion to master every subject that came before the House, and having mastered it, he spoke his mind."[39] Voorhis would make five-minute speeches in the House of Representatives at any opportunity, on matters ranging from local concerns in his district to international monetary issues.[41] The press nicknamed him "Kid Atlas", seeming to carry the weight of the world on his shoulders.[41] The press corps also voted him the most honest congressman, and the fifth most intelligent.[42] However, Interior Secretary Harold Ickes described Voorhis's 1943 resignation from HUAC as the representative being "[w]obbly as usual".[43]
Voorhis's 12th district leaned Republican, the more so after Voorhis survived an attempt, in 1941, to
Voorhis was a conscientious congressman towards his constituents, careful to remember births, anniversaries, and in-district events.[44] In fact, after the birth of Tricia Nixon near the start of the 1946 campaign, Voorhis's office sent the Nixon family a copy of a government publication called Infant Care, of which congressmen received 150 a month. On April 1, 1946, Richard Nixon sent Voorhis a thank you letter for the pamphlet.[45]
Aside from the act named for him, Voorhis succeeded in enacting few new laws, a fact Nixon used against him in 1946 when he argued that Voorhis's legislation had only "transferred jurisdiction over the raising of rabbits from one government department to another."[46] The New York Times wrote of him in 1947, "He was ineffectual in terms of practical results."[41]
1946 campaign
As Voorhis served his fifth term in the House, local Republicans searched for a candidate capable of defeating him. Richard Nixon answered the call.[21] Nixon, who was still in the Navy when approached, wrote of Voorhis, "His 'conservative' reputation must be blasted. But my main efforts are being directed toward building up a positive, progressive group of speeches that tell what we want to do, not what the Democrats have failed to do ... I'm really hopped up over this deal, and I believe we can win."[44] However, "wheelhorse" Republicans deemed Nixon's campaign hopeless.[47]
As was usual in California at the time, both Nixon and Voorhis cross-filed in the other party's primary, a practice Voorhis had long adopted. Winning both primaries virtually assured election. Each candidate won his own party's primary, with Voorhis garnering a considerable number of votes in the Republican primary, and outpolling Nixon by 7,000 votes overall. Nixon gained momentum, however, when the newspapers pointed out that Voorhis's total percentage of the vote had decreased from 60% in 1944 to 53.5%.[44]
Voorhis had the advantage of incumbency, but this was balanced by other factors favoring Nixon. Due to the press of Congressional business, Voorhis was able to devote only two months to the campaign, while Nixon campaigned in the district for ten months.
Nixon alleged that a vote against Voorhis was "a vote against the P.A.C.
Voorhis's supposed involvement with and endorsement by the
The day after the election, Voorhis issued a concession statement, "I have given the best years of my life to serving this district in Congress. By the will of the people, that work is ended. I have no regrets about the record I have written."[55] In his 1947 book, Confessions of a Congressman, Voorhis attributed his defeat to tremendous amounts of money supposedly spent by the Nixon forces. When Nixon read the book, he commented, "What I am wondering is where all the money went that we were supposed to have had!"[56]
Nixon's defeat of Voorhis has been cited as the start of a number of red-baiting campaigns by the future president that later elevated him to the Senate and the vice presidency, and eventually put him in position to run for president.
In spite of any hard feelings, Voorhis sent Nixon a letter of congratulations in early December 1946. The two men met for an hour at Voorhis's office and parted as friends, according to Voorhis. Voorhis's final letter as a congressman, on December 31, was to his father, who had been his political adviser throughout his congressional career, "It has been primarily due to your help, your confidence, your advice ... above all to a feeling I have always had that your hand was on my shoulder. Thanks ... God bless you."[56]
Later life
After leaving office, Voorhis remained in his Alexandria, Virginia, house, completing his book, Confessions of a Congressman. In early 1947, he was offered the job of executive director of the Cooperative League of the USA. The Voorhis family relocated to Winnetka, Illinois, near the League's Chicago headquarters. The League, which included both consumer and producer cooperatives, had fallen on hard times in the postwar period. Under his leadership, the League's financial position gradually improved and some major cooperatives that had remained aloof from the League were persuaded to join. The League expanded its purview, founding the Group Health Association of America and the National Association of Housing Cooperatives.[60]
Voorhis was urged to run again for Congress against Nixon in 1948 by Stephen Zetterberg, who, when Voorhis declined (in part due to health reasons), himself ran in the Democratic primary.[61] Nixon, facing no opposition in the Republican primary, entered and won the Democratic poll, eliminating Zetterberg from the race and ensuring his re-election.[61]
In 1954, the former congressman led the U.S. delegation to the
Five days after Nixon's defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election, Voorhis appeared on TV as a Nixon detractor, with Murray Chotiner and Republican Michigan Congressman Gerald Ford defending the former vice-president on Howard K. Smith's ABC News and Comment program, "The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon". Voorhis complained about the way Nixon had conducted himself in the 1946 race.[65] but was overshadowed by fellow detractor and Nixon nemesis Alger Hiss. Hiss's participation led to such an uproar that sponsors pulled back from underwriting the program, and News and Comment left the air in the spring of 1963.[66]
Having spent 23 years in Winnetka, Voorhis moved back with his wife to the old 12th district to an apartment in Claremont.[67] After almost a quarter century of silence on his defeat by Nixon, he wrote The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon, a book in which he stated that Nixon was "quite a ruthless opponent" whose "one cardinal and unbreakable rule of conduct" was "to win, whatever it takes to do it".[21] "I did not expect my loyalty to America's constitutional government to be attacked," he wrote.[68]
As the Nixon presidency slowly collapsed, Voorhis spoke out more frequently. In 1972, he said, "Sour grapes to criticize the man who beat me, but I just wouldn't be human if I said I liked spending the second half of my life as 'the man who Nixon beat'".[15] After Nixon resigned as President, Voorhis, noted, "Here is the philosophy of doing-anything-to-win receiving its just and proper reward."[15] Voorhis, believing he had been labeled a subversive by Nixon, "took some satisfaction" in stating that Nixon himself had been the subversive, seeking, according to Voorhis, to impose "a virtual dictatorship" on the country.[69]
In 1972, Voorhis and his wife entered a retirement home in Claremont.[21] Nonetheless, he continued to work on a number of committees and advisory boards.[15] His activities ranged from the California Commission on Aging (appointed by Governor Jerry Brown) to working as a teacher's aide to Tom Hayden's Campaign for Economic Democracy.[69] Voorhis died at the retirement home from emphysema on September 11, 1984. In addition to his widow, he left two sons and a daughter.[21] Fellow Nixon opponent and former California governor Pat Brown eulogized him, saying, "He was a great man. Not many like him these days."[70] Voorhis is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.[4] His papers are held by The Claremont Colleges Library Special Collections.[71]
An elementary school in El Monte, California, is named for the former congressman.[72] Cal Poly Pomona considers Voorhis one of its founders and has named a park and an ecological reserve for him.[1]
See also
Bibliography
- The Education of the Institution Boy (M.A. thesis) 1928
- The Story of Voorhis School for Boys. 1932
- The Morale of Democracy. 1941
- Out of Debt, Out of Danger. Proposals for War Finance and Tomorrow's Money. 1943
- Beyond Victory. 1944
- Confessions of a Congressman, 1947
- The Christian in Politics. 1951
- American Cooperatives. Where They Come From, What They Do, Where They are Going. 1961 (Reprint 1973)
- Credit Unions. Basic Cooperatives. 1965
- The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon. 1972 (Reprint 1973)
- Cooperative Enterprise: The Little People's Chance in a World of Bigness. 1975
- The Life and Times of Aurelius Lyman Voorhis. 1976
- Confession of Faith. 1978
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Cal Poly Pomona, Biography.
- ^ Bullock, p. 2.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b c d e Bioguide, Voorhis.
- ^ a b Gellman, p. 28.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Voorhis, Confessions, p. 10.
- ^ Voorhis, Confessions, p. 11.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 10–13.
- ^ Bullock, p. 13.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Bullock, p. 15.
- ^ Bullock, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d The Los Angeles Times & 1984-09-12.
- ^ a b Morris, p. 258.
- ^ Cal Poly Pomona, "The Voorhis connection".
- ^ Morris, pp. 258–259.
- ^ a b c Gellman, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 41–45.
- ^ a b c d e Fowler & 1984-09-12.
- ^ a b Gellman, p. 36.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 57–59.
- ^ Bullock, p. 63.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Bullock, p. 72.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 106–108.
- ^ Morris, p. 261.
- ^ Mallon & 1937-07-09.
- ^ Belair & 1939-09-14.
- ^ Bullock, p. 144.
- ^ Bullock, p. 146.
- ^ Bullock, p. 151.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Bullock, p. 169.
- ^ Morris, p. 257.
- ^ Morris, p. 898.
- ^ Morris, pp. 308–309.
- ^ a b c Morris, p. 259.
- ^ a b Gellman, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Catledge & 1947-12-21.
- ^ Bullock, p. 119.
- ^ Morris, p. 260.
- ^ a b c d Mazo, Chapter 4.
- ^ Gellman, p. 47.
- ^ Gellman, p. 78.
- ^ a b c Time & 1946-11-18.
- ^ Gellman, p. 452.
- ^ Morris, p. 305.
- ^ Kenworthy & 1956-08-05.
- ^ Morris, p. 314.
- ^ a b Gellman, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Morris, p. 319.
- ^ Miller Center.
- ^ Gellman, p. 83.
- ^ a b Gellman, p. 84.
- ^ Voorhis, Strange Case, p. 23.
- ^ Voorhis, Strange Case, p. 9.
- ^ Gellman, p. 85.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 283–286.
- ^ a b Martin & 2009-02-09.
- ^ Time & 1954-09-20.
- ^ Bullock, pp. 286–291.
- ^ Bullock, p. 293.
- ^ Ambrose, p. 673.
- ^ The Museum of Broadcast Communications.
- ^ Seelye & 1971-07-21.
- ^ Voorhis, Strange Case, p. 14.
- ^ a b Blue & 1979-04-16.
- ^ Claremont Courier & 1984-09-26.
- ^ Claremont Colleges, "Voorhis papers".
- ^ Mountain View School District.
Sources
- Ambrose, Stephen (1988). Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-65722-2.
- Bullock, Paul (1978). Jerry Voorhis: The Idealist as Politician. Vantage Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-533-03120-7.
- Gellman, Irwin (1999). The Contender. The Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-7255-8.
- Morris, Roger (1990). Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-1834-9.
- Voorhis, Jerry (1947). Confessions of a Congressman. The Country Life Press.
- Voorhis, Jerry (1973). The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon. Popular Library. ISBN 978-0-8397-7917-9.
Other sources
- Belair, Felix Jr. (September 14, 1939). "Congress called to meet September 21 on embargo issue" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- "Voorhis, Horace Jeremiah (Jerry)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- Blue, Carol (April 16, 1979). "Postscript: 'The Man Nixon beat' sees repeat of mood of the '40s". The Los Angeles Times.
- "The Voorhis connection (Biography of H. Jeremiah Voorhis)". California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Library). Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- "The Voorhis connection". California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Library). Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- Catledge, Turner (December 21, 1947). "The Conscientious Mr. Voorhis" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- "Jerry Voorhis Papers". Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
- "We remember Jerry Voorhis". Claremont Courier. September 26, 1984.
- Fowler, Glenn (September 12, 1984). "Jerry Voorhis, '46 Nixon foe" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2009. (subscription required)
- Kenworthy, E.W. (August 5, 1956). "In the shadow of the President" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- "Ex-Rep. Jerry Voorhis dies; lost to Nixon" (PDF). The Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1984. Retrieved March 27, 2009. (subscription required)
- Mallon, Winifred (July 9, 1937). "Neutrality called 'weak' and 'a need'" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- Martin, Douglas (February 9, 2009). "Stephen Zetterberg, Nixon rival, dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- Mazo, Earl (1959). "An excerpt of chapter 4 from the book Richard Nixon by Earl Mazo". Harper & Brothers. pp. 41–45. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- "Life before the presidency". Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- "Our Schools". Mountain View School District. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- "Smith, Howard K." The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- Seelye, Howard (July 21, 1971). "Voorhis recalls Nixon's entry into politics" (PDF). The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2009.(subscription required)
- "New faces in the House". Time. November 18, 1946. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- "Lesson in Democracy". Time. September 20, 1954. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
External links
- "Books by Jerry Livingston Voorhis". California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013.
- "Jerry Voorhis Papers". Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
- United States Congress. "Horace Jeremiah Voorhis (id: V000118)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.