Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein
Johann I Joseph | |
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Roman Catholic |
Johann I Joseph (Johann Baptist Josef Adam Johann Nepomuk Aloys Franz de Paula; 26 June 1760 – 20 April 1836) was
Early career
Liechtenstein chose a military career at age 22 and entered the army as a lieutenant in a cuirassier regiment. During the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) he earned, in rapid succession, promotion to Major, Oberstleutnant, and Oberst (colonel). He earned renown as a good cavalry officer and was honored with the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in 1790.
French Revolutionary Wars
During the French Revolutionary Wars, he participated in an "outstandingly effective cavalry action" at Avesnes-le-Sec on 12 September 1793, where 4,663 Republican troops suffered losses of 2,000 killed and wounded with the Allies losing only 69 men. In addition, 2,000 soldiers and 20 artillery pieces were captured.[1][2] He also participated in many other battles. Soon after being promoted to General-Major in June 1794, he fought at the Battle of Fleurus. He commanded a mixed cavalry-infantry brigade in Anton Sztaray's division at the Battle of Würzburg on 3 September 1796.[3] After this action he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa.
In the War of the Second Coalition, Liechtenstein commanded the Austrian Reserve at the Battle of Trebbia.[4] In August 1799 he received promotion to Feldmarschal-Leutnant. He commanded 8,000 men in the successful siege of Cuneo in November and December.[5] On 3 December 1800, he led a 5,109-man cavalry division in the Battle of Hohenlinden.[6]
Napoleonic Wars
Liechtenstein was prominent in the
Throughout the
Sovereign
As Prince of Liechtenstein, Johann made forward-thinking reforms, but also had an absolutist governing style. In 1818 he granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature. He expanded agriculture and forestry and radically reorganized his administration, in an attempt to take the requirements of what was then a modern estate into account.
He proved a trendsetter in the area of garden art by planting Biedermeier gardens and park landscapes in an English model.
In 1806 Napoleon incorporated Liechtenstein in the
Marriage and issue
On 12 April 1792 in
- Princess Maria Leopoldine Josepha Sophia Aemiliana (Vienna, 11 September 1793 – Vienna, 28 July 1808)
- Princess Karoline (Vienna, 2 February 1795 – died in infancy)
- Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1796–1858)
- Eisgrub, 19 October 1835), without issue
- Princess Maria Josepha (Vienna, 11 January 1800 – Vienna, 14 June 1884), unmarried and without issue
- Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein (1802–1887), married Countess Julia Potocka and had issue. His great-grandson would eventually become Prince Franz Joseph II.
- Prince Karl Johann of Liechtenstein (1803–1871). Married Gräfin Rosalie d'Hemricourt von Grünne and had issue.
- Princess Klothilda Leopoldina Josepha (Vienna, 19 August 1804 – Vienna, 27 January 1807)
- Princess Henriette (Vienna, 1 April 1806 – Ischl, 15 June 1886), married in Vienna on 1 October 1825 Joseph Graf Hunyady von Kethély(Vienna, 13 January 1801 – Vienna, 9 March 1869), and had issue
- Prince Friedrich Adalbert (Vienna, 22 September 1807 – Vienna, 1 May 1885), 1,018th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria, married at Schloss Rosegg on 15 September 1848 Johanna Sophie Christiane Löwe (Oldenburg, 24 May 1815 – Pest, 28 November 1866), without issue
- Prince Eduard Franz of Liechtenstein (1809–1864). Married Countess Honoria Choloniowa-Choloniewska and had issue.
- Prince August Ludwig Ignaz (Vienna, 22 April 1810 – Vienna, 27 May 1824)
- Princess Ida Leopoldine Sophie Marie Josephine Franziska (Eisgrub, Moravia, 12 September 1811 – Vienna, 27 June 1884), Dame of the Imperial Court, Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross, married in Vienna on 30 July 1832 Karl 4th Fürst Paar von Hartberg und Krottenstein (Brieg, Silesia, 6 January 1806 – Vienna, 17 January 1881), Hereditary Grand-Master of the Posts of the Imperial Court, and had issue
- Prince Rudolf Maria Franz Placidus (Vienna, 5 October 1816 – Vicenza, 19 June 1848), unmarried and without issue
Honours
- Habsburg Monarchy:
- Knight of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 19 December 1790;[9] Commander, 1796;[10] Grand Cross, 1801[11]
- 869th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1801[12]
- Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. George, 3rd Class, 7 October 1813[13]
Footnotes
- ^ Smith, p 54-55.
- ^ Phipps, Ramsey Weston (1926), The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, London: Oxford University Press. Vol 1 p.243
- ^ Smith, p 122
- ^ Smith, p 160
- ^ Smith, p 174
- ^ Arnold, p 276
- ^ Chandler, p 420
- ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 71
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staats-Schematismus der Röm. Kais. auch Kais. Königlich- und Erzherzoglichen Haupt-und-Residenzstadt Wien, 1791, p. 439, retrieved 28 November 2020
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staats-Schematismus der Röm. Kais. auch Kais. Königlich- und Erzherzoglichen Haupt-und-Residenzstadt Wien, 1797, p. 399, retrieved 28 November 2020
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staats-Schematismus der Röm. Kais. auch Kais. Königlich- und Erzherzoglichen Haupt-und-Residenzstadt Wien, 1802, p. 440, retrieved 28 November 2020
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Orden des Goldenen Vließes", Hof- und Staats-Schematismus des Österreichischen Kaiserthums, 1807, p. 7, retrieved 28 November 2020
- ^ Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 96.
References
- "Costados", Gonçalo de Mesquita da Silveira de Vasconcelos e Sousa, Livraria Esquina, 1.ª Edição, Porto, 1997, N.º 106
- Arnold, James R. Marengo & Hohenlinden. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2005. ISBN 1-84415-279-0
- Bowden, Scotty & Tarbox, Charlie. Armies on the Danube 1809. Arlington, Texas: Empire Games Press, 1980.
- Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
- Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9