Brzeg

Coordinates: 50°52′N 17°29′E / 50.867°N 17.483°E / 50.867; 17.483
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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the town in Wołów County, see Brzeg Dolny.
For other uses, see Brzeg (disambiguation).
Brzeg
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
49-300
Vehicle registrationOB
National roads
Websitehttps://brzeg.pl

Brzeg ([bʐɛk] ⓘ; Latin: Alta Ripa, German: Brieg, Silesian German: Brigg, Silesian: Brzeg, Brzyg, Czech: Břeh) is a town in southwestern Poland with 34,778 inhabitants (December 2021)[2] and the capital of Brzeg County. It is situated in Silesia in the Opole Voivodeship on the left bank of the Oder river.

The town of Brzeg was first mentioned as a trading and fishing settlement within fragmented

Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire. Later, as the result of the Silesian Wars, the town passed to Prussia, and from 1871 to 1945 it was also part of Germany, before it became again part of Poland after World War II
.

Etymology

In older documents, Brzeg was referred to as Civitas Altae Ripae, meaning 'city on the high banks' of the Oder River; its name is derived from Polish brzeg 'shore'.

Latin document from 1234 the settlement's name was Visoke breg (Polish: Wysokibrzeg, German
: Wissokembreghe; literally 'high bank').

A native or resident of Brzeg is known as a brzeżan, brzeżanin (male), brzeżanka (female), brzeżanie and brzeżaninie (plural).

History

Prehistory

Agricultural fields to the north of Brzeg

The locality in and around present-day Brzeg has been settled by people since the

Nomadic cultures to settle in the locality. The era saw the development of weaving, pottery and mining in the Brzeg Plain, with archaeological finds in Brzeg, Buszyce, Prędocin, Lewin Brzeski, Małujowice, Lipki, Myśliborze, Mąkoszyce and Obórki.[4]

The time period of 1300–700 BC bears the existence of the Lusatian culture of the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. The culture settled in the region and in large continued to develop agriculture and the domestication of farm animals. The natural economy of the culture was based on weaving, pottery and metal works. The Lusatian culture's populace that inhabited the Brzeg Lands was identified by archaeological excavations, revealing 17 individual localities, including 3 hamlets and 8 burial sites, namely a fortified wooden settlement in Rybna and an open-pit crematory in Pisarzowice (with 30 discovered burial sites).[need quotation to verify]

To follow the

Slavic peoples started settling in the region. At the same time Iron tools and blacksmith-based hamlets found in Kantorowice and Pępice are evidenced for the first time in this region.[5][6][failed verification
]

Early Middle Ages

The period of AD 500–1000 saw the establishment of the early

Latin: Geographus Bavarus), which included the Silesian gord of Ryczyn, located 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) north-west of Brzeg, in the eastern Oława County. The Ryczyn gords became the main line of defence for the Silesians, namely to protect the river trade routes along the Oder river and the land trade route between Ryczyn (the locality's administrative centre, home to a castellan) and Brzeg (being some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in length). The importance of the Ryczyn gords is demonstrated by Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire's army halting their advancement before the gords in 1109.[8][9]

Between the ninth and early-tenth century, the Brzeg Lands, together with all of Silesia, were part of Great Moravia until its demise in AD 906, after which, until 990 the region was under the rule of the Premyslids.

Medieval Poland

Around 990,

King of Poland, Bolesław III Wrymouth's oldest son, Władysław II the Exile.[10][11]

View towards the present-day ul. Rybacka with the town's water tower

The most favourable area for the settlement of Brzeg is located between the Castle Square (Plac Zamkowy), with elevated ground extending south-east towards the Square of the

scale of grain and of oat to the settlement of Brzeg, suggesting the existence of a granary and other outbuildings in the curia's established headquarters.[11]

Some two hundred m south-west from the

Latin document, as exemplified by the existence of the curia, church and a major market, allowing the settlement to develop through the exchange of produce and barter.[11]

Prior to Brzeg receiving its

villa Bregensis in c. 1339. To the west of the fortified centre of Brzeg, the settlement of Rataje (a separate village until 1975) as the former village's etymology suggests, centered around the upkeep of the ducal pastures.[12][13][14]

Brzeg town plan, c. 1400

The town received German town law in 1250 from the

Henryk IV the Righteous regulated the town's church affairs, as well as renouncing his patronage over St. Mary's Church (Kościół Św. Marii Panny), located west of the town's western boundary. The church was granted to the Order of Saint John, subsequently founding the Church of St. Nicholas in 1292. The town was fortified
in 1297.

From 1311 to 1675 Brzeg was the capital of a

Hussites
in 1428 and soon afterwards rebuilt.

Early modern period

Renaissance facade of the Brzeg Castle, depicting members of the Piast dynasty, from the semi-legendary founder Piast the Wheelwright to Duke Frederick II of Legnica

At the beginning of the 16th century there were two schools in Brzeg, a collegiate and a municipal school, both influenced by the scientific, cultural and literary currents of the

University of Kraków.[16] In 1529 Duke Frederick II of Legnica, in attempt to establish the town as a significant learning center, merged the two schools, but the town council, wanting to maintain control over the municipal school, led to the two being split again in 1534.[17]

The town continued to flourish under the reign of Duke George II. George II maintained close contacts with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its nobility, and rebuilt the Ducal Castle in Renaissance style, built the Renaissance town hall, established a new mausoleum of the Piast dukes and built a new gymnasium, opened in 1569.[18] The libraries of the old schools were merged into the newly named Piast Library.[19] The gymnasium became popular among Polish nobility, whose children were often educated there.[20] Among the graduates were Polish Royal secretary and poet Joachim Bielski [pl] and reformer Samuel Hartlib, co-founder of the Royal Society of London.[21]

In 1595 Brzeg was again fortified by

Habsburgs in their roles of Kings of Bohemia, although it was still ruled locally by the Silesian Piasts. Upon the extinction of the last duke George William of Legnica
in 1675, Brieg came under the direct rule of the Habsburgs.

Late modern and contemporary

Polish hymnal published in Brzeg in 1889

In 1537 Duke

Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts[citation needed]. On the death of George William the last duke in 1675, however, Austria refused to acknowledge the validity of the treaty and annexed the duchies and Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. Brieg and most of Silesia were annexed by Prussia in 1741 during the First Silesian War.[22] In 1807 the town's fortifications were pulled down by Napoleon's army.[22] The Prussian Province of Silesia, and thus Brieg, consequently became part of the German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871 on the unification of Germany
. Despite Austrian, Prussian and German rule, the town was an important Polish printing center in the region.

During

expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The town, under the historic Polish name Brzeg became again part of Poland and was repopulated by Poles whom Soviets expelled from the eastern part of interwar Poland
.

Traditional Garrison Town

Market Square in Brzeg

From the late 19th century the then German town of Brieg had expanded into a traditional military

Lieutenant General Paul Tiede the regiment began mobilizing for the Western Front at the outbreak of World War I as part of VI Army Corps (VI. Armee-Korps), 12th Division (12. Division), 78th Infantry Brigade (78. Infanterie-Brigade).[26][27]

At the end of World War I the garrison barracks at Brieg remained for some years after without a stationed military regiment.

1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the German equestrian team whilst suffering from a broken collarbone
. In 1933 an airfield located in nearby Hermsdorf was also built and thereby a much larger military aerodrome was established. The new aerodrome was occupied by Flight Reconnaissance Group 113 (Fliegeraufklärungsgruppe 113).

Towards the end of World War II, on 6 February 1945, the Soviet army captured Brzeg, which resulted in moderate destruction of the town's buildings and infrastructure.[3] After Germany's defeat in the war, Brzeg became part of Poland. Since 1950 the reconstructed town has been a part of the Opole Voivodeship.

History of the Jewish population

As the town was situated on the commercial route to

John Capistrano
. Solomo, a capitalist, lent large sums of money to royal houses in the 15th century. In the 16th century, one of the local Jews served as a physician to the duke of Brieg.

With the decline of Wrocław as a trade center, the Jews of Brieg became little more than an isolated community; and in modern times they shared the lot of the other Silesian Jews. They carried on insignificant trade operations as a rule. The conquest of Silesia by Frederick the Great brought but slight change in their condition.

A

Holocaust
.

Geography

Status

The shape of the town, including its neighbouring osiedla, is comparable to that of a deformed rectangle, elongated 3.54 kilometres (2.20 miles) north-south and 4.10 kilometres (2.55 miles) west-east. The area of the town, including the village of Rataje, which was incorporated into Brzeg on January 1, 1973, is some 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi). In comparison to Opole, with a total area of 48 km2 (19 sq mi); Nysa's 29 km2 (11 sq mi) and Kędzierzyn-Koźle's 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi); Brzeg is ranked fourth in the Opole Voivodeship by both population and area.[29]

Topography

The Oder and the old town

Brzeg, as the regional capital of

Nysa Kłodzka Valley to its south-east, the hillocks of Grodków Hills and the Wawrzyszów Hills to its south. The western boundary of the Brzeg Plain is marked by the Oława Valley, along the Oder's mid-course.[34]

The Brzeg Plain was formed by the

Nysa Kłodzka and Oława.[35]
}}

Settlement and trade

The settlement of Brzeg, historically located in the regional unit of

Piast duchies of Duchy of Brzeg, Legnica and Wołów, united under the Duchy of Legnica-Wołów-Brzeg. Presently, the region is spotted with numerous towns, including Brzeg, Grodków and Strzelin, as well as villages, with agriculture providing the major source of income. The development of agriculture is met with a lack of forested areas, apart from the Stobrawa Landscape Park, located 7.2 km to the north of Brzeg and the Oder river. The Stobrawa woodland, agriculture and the Oder (as a form of transport) provided Brzeg the necessary diversity to remain the regional trade capital in Silesia.[38][14]

Brzeg's geographical position between two trade routes, running from west to east (Legnica–Opole) and north to south (Gniezno–Nysa) and further on into the Kingdom of Bohemia, additionally stimulated the town's demographic and economic expansion. Presently, Brzeg remains located between the European route E67 and E40.

Environment

Central Park of J. Czajkowski (Park Centralny im. J. Czajkowskiego)

Brzeg has five

Odrzańska Gate is located in the park.[39]

The largest parkland in Brzeg, located in the south-west of the town is the Park of Juliusz Peppel (Park im. Juliusza Peppela) and formerly Liberty Park (Park Wolności) having a total area of 68.8 ha.

Skarbimierz and the landed-elite family von Lobbecke donated the area to the town's authorities, to make way for a landscape park in the area.[41] The smallest of the five public parks in Brzeg is the Park Ptasi, located in the south of the town, west of the osiedle of Westerplatte. The park has a total area of 1 ha.[42]

Demography

History

Since the

expelled to either West or East Germany. The newly arrived population in Brzeg predominantly came from the countryside, being former peasants.[44] The integration of the residents came in phases: education, communal work, marriages and the provision of material goods and items left behind by the former populace. By 1975, 37.9% of the population of Brzeg had settled in the town after 1960.[45]

Central Park of J. Czajkowski (Park Centralny im. J. Czajkowskiego)
St. Jadwiga's Church, part of Brzeg Castle
Piastowski Bridge

Breakdown of population origin of Brzeg in 1950:

Population origin Population no. Percentage (%)
Total population 12,771 100.0
Local population 824 6.5
Migrant population 11,947 93.5

Breakdown of migrant population origin of Brzeg in 1950:[46]

Population origin Population no. Percentage (%)
Warsaw 469 3.9
Warsaw Voivodeship 365 3.0
Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 289 2.4
Poznań Voivodeship 533 4.5
Łódź 75 0.6
Łódź Voivodeship 529 4.4
Kielce Voivodeship 749 6.3
Lublin Voivodeship 387 3.2
Białystok Voivodeship 144 1.2
Katowice Voivodeship 747 6.3
Kraków Voivodeship 911 7.6
Soviet Union 5,144 43.1
Other countries 200 1.7
Remaining 1,405 11.8

Population change:[2]

Year Population Year Population
2002 38 841 Decrease 2003 38 781 Decrease
2004 38 550 Decrease 2005 38 379 Decrease
2006 38 163 Decrease 2007 37 842 Decrease
2008 37 625 Decrease 2009 37 609 Decrease
2010 37 346 Decrease 2011 37 329 Decrease
2012 37 261 Decrease 2013 36 980 Decrease
2014 36 675 Decrease 2015 36 469 Decrease
2016 36 381 Decrease 2017 36 110 Decrease
2018 35 930 Decrease 2019 35 709 Decrease
2020 35 226 Decrease 2021 34 778 Decrease

Main sights

Church of the Holy Cross, Brzeg
Historic town centre with main sights

Economy

Brzeg city budget's income sources as of 2015.

Industry

Brzeg is the centre for industry and production in the Brzeg County. The town's industries include the production of agricultural machinery, electric engines, margarine and sugar production.[47]

The largest concentration of industry in Brzeg is located in the town's eastern quarter, south of the

electric engine company, founded in the town in 1950),[49] and CIK car accessories plant.[50]
All three industries are located between Ciepłownicza Street (ul. Ciepłownicza) and Składowa Street (ul. Składowa).

Brzeg is also home to one of the largest confectionery companies in Poland, PWC Odra S.A. (founded in 1946). Presently, the firm is part of the joint-stock company Otmuchów Group.[51] The production plant is located by Starobrzeska Street (ul. Starobrzeska).

Tourism

As of 2015, Brzeg had the lowest number of foreign tourists in the Opole Voivodeship, with some 95% being national tourists. Per 1000 of the population, there are 1.60–3.89 available accommodations, which is behind nine of the eleven regional capitals (being at level with Kędzierzyn-Koźle) in the Opole Voivodeship, including Opole, with 3.90–5.89 tourist accommodations per 1000 of the population.[52]

Education

Jan Kochanowski Primary School No. 3 by Kamienna Street.

Brzeg has a total of 7,826 citizens in the potential education age group (3-24 year of age). The number of city dwellers in Brzeg that have completed

Jan Paweł II Street (higher school of economics).[54] The population of Brzeg that is in the age of potential further education (aged 19–24) is 26.8%, out of which 27.1% are women and 26.6% are men.[55]

Some 22.4% of the population of the town of Brzeg (as of 2015[update]) has some sort of work-related further education (i.e.

zlotys annually.[56][57]

Post-secondary education institutions:[58]

Name Address Faculty no. Student no. Teacher no. Website
Technikum No. 1 in Brzeg Słowiańska 18 21 466 – –
Technikum No. 2 in Brzeg Jana Pawła II 28 14 370 – –
I Liceum ogólnokształcące (Bolesław Chrobry) Armii Krajowej 7 10 320 31 Official Website
II
Liceum ogólnokształcące
(Zbigniew Herbert) 		1 Maja 7 13 341 36 Official Website
Zasadnicza Szkoła Zawodowa No. 3 (Książę Jerzy II Piast) Kamienna 3 9 261 – Official Website
Technikum No. 3 (Książę Jerzy II Piast) Kamienna 3 8 207 – Official Website
Państwowa Szkoła Muzyczna Level 1 (Józef Elsner) Piastowska 18 – 161 20 Official Website

Public gymnasium (secondary school) institutions:[59]

Name Address Faculty no. Student no. Teacher no. Website
Gymnasium No. 3 (Orlęta Lwowskie) Bohaterów Monte Cassino 14 12 343 35 Official Website
Gymnasium No. 2 Poprzeczna 16 12 317 — —
Gymnasium No. 1 (Józef Piłsudski) Oławska 2 9 225 26 Official Website
Gymnasium No. 4 Lompy 1 6 142 — —

Transport

Brzeg railway station

Brzeg is located at the crossroads of the

km south of Brzeg.[60]

Brzeg has well developed railway and bus transportation services. The

Warszawa, Katowice, Poznań, Szczecin, Zielona Góra, Lublin, Kielce, Przemyśl, Zamość, Nysa, and other cities. The Brzeg bus service is operated by PKS Brzeg, with ten bus lines around the town and Gmina Brzeg. The important routes are to Wrocław, Opole, Grodków, Namysłów, Nysa, Karpacz, Strzelin, Wiązów, and others. On Sunday, there is a special route to Szklarska Poręba
.

In 2013, a hospital helipad was opened by Mossora Street (ul. Mossora).[61]

Sports

  • Sharp Torell Basket Liga
    in 2003/2004 season

Notable people

Further information: Category:People from Brzeg

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Brzeg is twinned with:[66]

Gallery

  • Most characteristic building of Brzeg, Silesian Piasts Castle
    Most characteristic building of Brzeg, Silesian Piasts Castle
  • Northern side of the castle's courtyard
    Northern side of the castle's courtyard
  • Southern side of the castle
    Southern side of the castle
  • Juliusz Peppel Park, the largest public park in town
    Juliusz Peppel Park, the largest public park in town
  • Long Street, main high street
    Long Street, main high street
  • Marina by the River Oder
    Marina by the River Oder
  • Town square and tower
    Town square and tower
  • Town Hall
    Town Hall
  • St. Nicholas Church and Brzeski Dom Kultury cultural centre
    St. Nicholas Church and Brzeski Dom Kultury cultural centre
  • Interior of the church
    Interior of the church
  • Holy Cross Church
    Holy Cross Church
  • Interior of the Holy Cross Church
    Interior of the Holy Cross Church
  • Church ceiling
    Church ceiling

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Bibliography of Jewish Encyclopedia

  • Brann, Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien;
  • Jahrbuch des Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeindebundes
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ([2])
By : Gotthard Deutsch & A. M. Friedenberg
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