John C. H. Lee

John Clifford Hodges Lee (1 August 1887 – 30 August 1958) was a career US Army engineer, who rose to the rank of

A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, with the class of 1909, Lee assisted with various domestic engineering navigation projects as well as in the Panama Canal Zone, Guam and the Philippines. During World War I, he served on the Western Front on the staff of the 82d and 89th Divisions and earned promotions to major, lieutenant colonel and colonel as well as the Silver Star Medal, the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Croix de Guerre from the French government.

After World War I, Lee served again in the Philippines, then became District Engineer of the Vicksburg District, responsible for flood control and navigation for a section of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. During the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, he directed relief work, attempted to shore up the levees, and coordinated the evacuations of towns and districts. He then directed various engineer districts around Washington, DC, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the Great Depression.

As World War II began, Lee received a promotion to brigadier general and command of the Pacific coast embarkation zones, then of the

John Clifford Hodges Lee was born in Junction City, Kansas on August 1, 1887, the son of Charles Fenelon Lee and John Clifford née Hodges.^[1][a] He had two siblings: an older sister, Katherine, and a younger sister, Josephine. Known as Clifford Lee during his teenage years, he graduated from Junction City High School in 1905, ranked second in his class.^[2] His high school success enabled him to compete in 1904 for a 1905 appointment to the United States Military Academy from Representative Charles Frederick Scott without having to take the qualifying exam.^[3] He was selected as the first alternate, and planned to attend the Colorado School of Mines, but received the West Point appointment after the first choice resigned.^[3][4]

Lee graduated 12th in the class of 1909. His classmates included

In October 1913, Lee and the 3d Engineer Battalion departed for the Western Pacific. He conducted topographical survey work on Guam from 23 October 1913 to 30 July 1914, and then in the Philippines, where he was Senior Topographical Inspector with the Philippine Department from December 1914 to October 1915. He commanded the Northern District on Luzon from December 1914 to June 1915, and the Cagayan District from July to September 1915. He returned to the United States in November 1915, and was assigned to the Wheeling District in Wheeling, West Virginia, where he was responsible for the completion of the No. 14 Dam on the Ohio River. Lee was promoted to captain on 3 June 1916. For his thesis, he submitted the Manual for Topographers he had written in the Philippines.^[7]

In Wheeling, Lee met and married Sarah Ann Row. Reverend Robert E. L. Strider, Sr., who later became the Bishop of the West Virginia, conducted the ceremony at St. Matthew's Church in Wheeling on 24 September 1917.^[8] The couple's only child, John Clifford Hodges Lee, Jr., was born on 12 July 1918 and would likewise become a career Army officer, serving in World War II and various domestic assignments, ending his career as Colonel leading the Office of Appalachian Studies, and dying in 1975.^[9]

World War I

Lee was appointed Wood's aide de camp on 23 April 1917, shortly after the United States

On 18 February 1918, Lee departed for France, where he studied at the Army General Staff College at Langres from 13 March to 30 May. Upon graduation he was assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, (intelligence officer) of the 82d Division.^[7] He was awarded the Silver Star for leading a patrol behind enemy lines on 12/13 July.^[11]

That month, the 89th Division reached France, albeit without Wood, who had been relieved of command on the eve of its departure for France. On 18 July Lee returned to it as its Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (operations officer). He participated in the

Lee served a second tour of the Philippines as G-2 of the Philippine Department from September 1923 to July 1926. On returning to the United States, he was posted to Vicksburg, Mississippi, as the District Engineer.^[11] This coincided with the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States. Over 16,000,000 acres (6,500,000 ha) were flooded, 162,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 homes destroyed. Lee directed relief work, attempts to shore up the levees, and evacuations of towns and districts.^[14][15]

The

In 1938 Lee became an hereditary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.

World War II

Zone of the Interior

Promoted to brigadier general in the Army of the United States on 1 October 1940, Lee was commanding general of Pacific Ports of Embarkation, working out of Fort Mason, California.^[17] He was responsible for updating all Pacific ports for wartime, engineering the changes needed to transfer materiel and troops more efficiently from rail to ship. However, he was warned by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George C. Marshall, that his tenure might be brief, and might soon be given another assignment, so he should select a deputy and train him to take over. Lee chose Colonel Frederick Gilbreath.^[18]

A sign that Lee was being considered for a command assignment was his being sent to

Lee arrived in Washington, DC, on 5 May 1942, where he attended two weeks' of conferences about Bolero and the form of organization for the ETO SOS that Marshall and Somervell had in mind.[21] They were determined that the organization of the SOS in the theaters of war should be identical to that of the USASOS in the United States. During World War I, this had not been the case, and the resultant overlapping and criss-crossing lines of communication had caused great confusion and inefficiency, both in Washington and in Tours.^[20] Somervell instructed each chief in the USASOS to recommend the best two men in his branch, one of whom would accompany Lee, while the other remained in Washington.^[21] For his chief of staff, Lee chose Colonel Thomas B. Larkin, who was promoted to brigadier general.^[22]

Lee met with Major General

Lee flew to the UK on 23 May 1942 with the nine staff who would form the nucleus of his new command. He found that the commander of the United States Forces in the British Isles (USAFBI), Major General James E. Chaney, had prepared a different plan for the organization of the ETO headquarters, one along the orthodox lines laid out in the Field Service Regulations, with Brigadier General Donald A. Davison designated to command the SOS.^[23] But Marshall had selected Lee, and he had mandated that the new theater organization should be "along the general pattern of a command post with a minimum of supply and administrative services."^[24] Somervell and Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the head of the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff, arrived in London on 26 May for discussions with Chaney about the organization of the ETO and the SOS.^[25] USAFBI officially became European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA) on 8 June,^[26] and Chaney was replaced by Eisenhower on 24 June.^[27]

Somervell and Lee conducted a whirlwind inspection tour of US depots and bases in England on a special train belonging to

One of Lee's first concerns was to find a suitable location for his SOS headquarters. He found limited space at its initial location at No. 1 Great Cumberland Place in London, and decided to locate the headquarters in southern England where most base installations would be located. Brigadier General Claude N. Thiele, Lee's chief of administrative services, suggested Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, about 90 miles (140 km) west of London. The British War Office administrative staff occupied 500,000 square feet (46,000 m²) of offices there, but were willing to return to their old London location. A regional organization was adopted on 20 July, with the UK divided into four base sections.^[30]

Torch

By the end of June 1942, there were 54,845 US troops in the UK, but a series of defeats in

Although less than Somervell hoped,[33] it was more than Lee's service units could cope with. Stores and supplies had to be cleared from the port areas as quickly as possible lest they become targets for German bombing raids. There was no time to build new depots, so they were shipped to British depots and warehouses. The Americans and British were unfamiliar with each other's procedures.^[34]

Priority had been given to shipping combat units, and service units made up only 21 percent of the theater's strength, which was insufficient. Nor were more units available in the United States; the mobilization program had also produced too few service units, and Somervell was forced to ship partly trained units in the hope that they could learn on the job.^[35] Perhaps 30 percent of the stores arrived with no markings indicating what they were, and 25 percent were merely marked by general type, such as medical or ordnance stores. Lee did not have enough personnel to sort, identify and catalog their contents. Soon vast quantities of stores and supplies could not be located.^[34]

In August it was discovered that most of the organizational equipment of the 1st Infantry Division, which was earmarked for Operation Torch, was still in the United States, and none of the hospitals earmarked for Torch arrived with their full equipment before October.^[34] Lee was initially optimistic that he could turn the situation around,^[36] but by September, there was no option but to request that USASOS re-ship stores that had already been despatched but could not be located if Torch was to be mounted on time.^[37] Eisenhower, who had been designated to command Torch, leaned on Lee, and withdrew his recommendation that Lee succeed him as commander of ETOUSA.^[38] Strenuous efforts were made, and by October Lee was able to report that the needs of Torch would be met.^[39]

The needs of Torch placed a heavy drain on the resources of Lee's command. There were 228,000 US troops in the UK in October, but 151,000 went to North Africa by the end of February 1943.^[39] The SOS also lost key officers, including Larkin. Some 400,000 long tons (410,000 t) of supplies were shipped from the UK to North Africa between October 1942 and April 1943, while receipts totalled less than 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) per month. Lee forcefully argued that preparations for Roundup should resume.^[40] He visited North Africa in January 1943 after taking a course as an air gunner so he would not be a useless passenger of the aircraft, and spoke to Patton and General Sir Bernard Montgomery about their supply situation.^[41]

Overlord

Eisenhower was succeeded as commander of ETOUSA by Lieutenant General

On 16 January 1944, Eisenhower returned to take control of the Allied forces for Overlord. His headquarters was designated

The logistical arrangements for

In August, Com Z Headquarters moved from the UK to a camp at Valognes in France.^[59] Although Eisenhower had expressed a desire that headquarters not be located in Paris, on 1 September Lee decided to move Com Z headquarters there.^[60] This involved the movement of 8,000 officers and 21,000 enlisted men from the UK and Valognes, and took two weeks to accomplish at a time when there were severe supply shortages.^[61] Eventually, Com Z occupied 167 hotels in Paris, the Seine Base Section headquarters occupied 129 more, and SHAEF occupied another 25.^[62] Lee established his own official residence in the Hotel George V. The front of the building was kept clear for his own vehicle.^[63] He justified the move to Paris on the grounds that Paris was the hub of France's road, rail and inland waterway communications networks. The logic was conceded, but the use of scarce fuel and transport resources at a critical time caused embarrassment.^[59][61]

During the

During October, Bradley incurred very heavy casualties in fighting in the Battle of Aachen and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in October and November.^[65] This resulted in a critical shortage of infantry replacements even before the crisis situation created by the Ardennes Offensive. Noting that casualties among newly arrived reinforcements greatly exceeded those among veterans, Lee tried to humanize the replacement depots, and suggested changing the name so that they sounded less like spare parts. Bradley opposed this, arguing for more substantial changes.^[66]

One source of infantry reinforcements was Com Z. Lee suggested that physically fit African-American soldiers in the Communications Zone, providing their jobs could be filled by limited-duty personnel, should be allowed to volunteer for infantry duty, and be placed in otherwise white units, without regard to a quota but on an as-needed basis.^[67][68] He wrote: "It is planned to assign you without regard to color or race".^[69]

Walter Bedell Smith disagreed with Lee's plan, writing to Eisenhower:

Two years ago I would have considered the marked statement the most dangerous thing that I had ever seen in regard to Negro relations. I have talked with Lee about it, and he can't see this at all. He believes that it is right that colored and white soldiers should be mixed in the same company. With this belief I do not argue, but the War Department policy is different.^[70]

Reflecting the prevalent racial prejudices of most US Army officers at the time, Smith did not believe Black troops capable of combat duty.^[71] His opinion was that a one-for-one replacement should not be attempted; only replacements as full platoons of Black soldiers. As a result of the directive 2,500 volunteers were organized into 53 rifle platoons, and sent to the front, to be distributed as needed to companies. In the 12th Army Group they were attached to regiments, while in the 6th Army Group the platoons were grouped into companies attached to the division. The former arrangement were generally better rated by the units they were attached to, because the Negro platoons had no company-level unit training.^[72]

Lee featured in the 1943 US Army training film A Welcome to Britain, where he was involved in a sequence involving a British woman inviting a colored GI to tea. The narrator focused on Lee's family's background with the Confederacy and Lee took the opportunity to encourage American soldiers to treat black and white soldiers the same.^[73]

Post-war career

After

Lee was an Episcopalian and kept a Bible with him at all times. He declined post-war invitations to serve as a corporate board executive, preferring to devote his life to service. In retirement he spent his last eleven years leading the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, a lay organization of the Episcopal Church, as executive vice president from 1948 to 1950, and then as its president.^[17][76]

Death and legacy

Lee's first wife Sarah died in a motor vehicle accident in 1939,^[77] and he remarried on 19 September 1945 to Eve Brookie Ellis, whom he also survived.^[78][76] He died in York, Pennsylvania, on 30 August 1958, aged 71, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery beside his first wife.^[79][80]

There is a large portrait of General Lee in the West Point Club at the United States Military Academy.

Reputation

In his wartime memoir,

Official historian Roland G. Ruppenthal wrote:

General Lee continued to be a controversial personality throughout the history of the theater, owing in part to the anomalous position which he held. But the controversy over the SOS was heightened by his personal traits. Heavy on ceremony, somewhat forbidding in manner and appearance, and occasionally tactless in exercising authority which he regarded to be within the province of the SOS, General Lee often aroused suspicions and created opposition where support might have been forthcoming. It appears, however, that few of his subordinates, and certainly fewer still of the persons with whom he dealt in the field commands, got to know him well. Those who did knew him to be kindly, unselfish, modest, extremely religious, and a man of simple tastes, however much this seemed to be contradicted by the picture of ostentation presented by the living arrangements of his staff and by his use of a special train for his comings and goings in the United Kingdom. General Lee has been aptly referred to as a "soldier of the old school," one who believed firmly in the dignity of his profession and wore the Army uniform with pride. He expected every other soldier, from general to private, to revere that uniform as he did. Many, without attempting to understand his rigid sense of discipline, were quick to label him pompous and a martinet. There can be no doubt that General Lee was motivated by a high sense of duty, and he expected others to measure up to his own concept of soldierly qualities.[29]

Stephen Ambrose wrote in Citizen Soldiers

:

The biggest jerk in ETO was Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee (USMA 1909), commander of Services of Supply (SOS). He had a most difficult job, to be sure. And of course it is in the nature of an army that everyone resents the quartermaster, and Lee was the head quartermaster for the whole of ETO.

Lee was a martinet who had an exalted opinion of himself. He also had a strong religious fervour (Eisenhower compared him to Cromwell) that struck a wrong note with everyone. he handed out the equipment as if it were a personal gift. He hated waste; once he was walking through a mess hall, reached into the garbage barrel, pulled out a half-eaten loaf of bread, started chomping on it, and gave the cooks hell for throwing away perfectly good food. He had what Bradley politely called "an unfortunate pomposity" and was cordially hated. Officers and men gave him a nickname based on his initials J. C. H.—Jesus Christ himself.

Lee's best known excess came in September [1944], at the height of the supply crisis. Eisenhower had frequently expressed his view that no major headquarters should be located near the temptations of a large city, and had specifically reserved the hotels in Paris for the use of combat troops on leave. Lee nevertheless, and without Eisenhower's knowledge, moved his headquarters to Paris. His people requisitioned all the hotels previously occupied by the Germans, and took over schools and other large buildings. More than 8,000 officers and 21,000 men in SOS descended on the city in less than a week, with tens of thousands more to follow. Parisians began to mutter that the U.S. Army demands were in excess of those made by the Germans.

The GIs and their generals were furious. They stated the obvious: at the height of the supply crisis, Lee had spent his precious time organizing the move, then used up precious gasoline, all so that he and his entourage could enjoy the hotels of Paris. It got worse, With 29,000 SOS troops in Pans, the great majority of them involved in some way in the flow of supplies from the beaches and ports to the front, and taking into account what Paris had to sell from wine and girls to jewels and perfumes, a black market on a grand scale sprang up.

Eisenhower was enraged. He sent a firm order to Lee to stop the entry into Paris of every individual not absolutely essential and to move out of the city every man who was not. He said essential duties "will not include provision of additional facilities, services and recreation for SOS or its headquarters." He told Lee that he would like to order him out of the city altogether, but could not afford to waste more gasoline in moving SOS again. He said Lee had made an "extremely unwise" decision and told him to correct the situation as soon as possible, Of course, Lee and his headquarters stayed in Paris.^[82]

Decorations

1st Row	Oak Leaf Cluster							Navy Distinguished Service Medal
2nd Row	Silver Star				Legion of Merit				World War I Victory Medal				Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
3rd Row	American Defense Service Medal				European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal				World War II Victory Medal				Army of Occupation Medal
4th Row	National Defense Service Medal				Officer of the Legion of Honor (France)				War Cross 1914-1918 with Bronze Palm (France)				Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division, United Kingdom)
5th Row	Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor (France)				French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with Palm				Commander of the Order of Agricultural Merit (France)				Commander of the Order of Maritime Merit (France)
6th Row	Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown, with Palm (Belgium)				Belgian Croix de guerre 1940–1945 with Palm				Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg)				Grand Officer of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (Luxembourg)
7th Row	Luxembourg War Cross				Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)				Military Order of Italy				Papal Lateran Cross (Holy See)

Dates of rank

Insignia	Rank	Component	Date	Reference
No insignia in 1909	Second lieutenant	Corps of Engineers	11 June 1909	[7]
	First lieutenant	Corps of Engineers	27 February 1912	[7]
	Captain	Corps of Engineers	3 June 1916	[7]
	Major	Temporary	5 August 1917	[7]
	Lieutenant colonel	Temporary	14 February 1918	[7]
	Colonel	Temporary	1 August 1918	[7]
	Captain	Reverted to substantive rank	15 February 1920	[11]
	Major	Corps of Engineers	16 February 1920	[11]
	Lieutenant colonel	Corps of Engineers	1 December 1933	[16]
	Colonel	Corps of Engineers	1 June 1938	[16]
	Brigadier general	Army of the United States	1 October 1940	[17]
	Major general	Army of the United States	14 February 1942	[17]
	Brigadier general	Regular Army	2 October 1943	[17]
	Lieutenant general	Army of the United States	21 February 1944	[17]
	Major general	Regular Army	27 February 1947	[17]
	Lieutenant general	Retired List	31 December 1947	[17]

Notes

1. ^ Lee's mother was named for her father, John Noble Hodges, who was killed before her birth while fighting for the Confederacy during the American Civil War.^[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Cox 2018, p. 12.
2. Newspapers.com
   .
3. ^
   Newspapers.com
   .
4. Newspapers.com
   .
5. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1429.
6. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1433.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Cullum 1920, pp. 1412–1413.
8. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 15–16.
9. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 1102.
10. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 17–18.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Cullum 1930, pp. 827–828.
12. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 19–20.
13. ^ Cox 2018, p. 26.
14. ^ ^{a b} Cox 2018, pp. 27–31.
15. ^ ^{a b} Pearcy 1996, pp. 188–189.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Cullum 1940, p. 214.
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Cullum 1950, p. 130.
18. ^ Cox 2018, p. 43.
19. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 43–46.
20. ^ ^{a b} Ohl 1994, pp. 185–186.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Ruppenthal 1953, p. 35.
22. ^ ^{a b} Cox 2018, pp. 49–50.
23. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 33.
24. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 36.
25. ^ Ohl 1994, p. 187.
26. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 39.
27. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 43.
28. ^ Cox 2018, p. 53.
29. ^ ^{a b} Ruppenthal 1953, p. 267.
30. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 81–84.
31. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 88–89.
32. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 91–92.
33. ^ Ohl 1994, p. 191.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 91–94.
35. ^ Ohl 1994, pp. 187–188.
36. ^ Cox 2018, p. 47.
37. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 97.
38. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 46–48.
39. ^ ^{a b} Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 98–99.
40. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 101–105.
41. ^ Cox 2018, p. 68.
42. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 113.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Ohl 1994, pp. 210–211.
44. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 160–162.
45. ^ ^{a b} Ruppenthal 1953, p. 123.
46. ^ ^{a b} Ruppenthal 1953, p. 132.
47. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 125–128.
48. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 131.
49. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 99.
50. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 194–205.
51. ^ Crosswell 1991, pp. 238–239, 270–271.
52. ^ "Executive Calendar" (PDF). United States Senate. 9 March 1944. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
53. ^ Cox 2018, p. 91.
54. ^ Cox 2018, p. 4.
55. ^ Cox 2018, p. 85.
56. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, pp. 445–448, 458–463.
57. ^ Ruppenthal 1953, p. 489.
58. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 130–139.
59. ^ ^{a b} Ruppenthal 1959, p. 31.
60. ^ Bradley 1951, pp. 405–406.
61. ^ ^{a b} Ohl 1994, p. 235.
62. ^ Ruppenthal 1959, p. 32.
63. ^ Cox 2018, p. 145.
64. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 179–181.
65. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 155–156.
66. ^ Bradley 1951, p. 446.
67. ^ "African American Volunteers as Infantry Replacements". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
68. ^ Lee 1966, p. 689.
69. ^ Lee, J. C. H. (26 December 1944). "Memo from John C.H. Lee". Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
70. ^ Lee 1966, p. 690.
71. ^ Crosswell 1991, p. 288.
72. ^ Lee 1966, pp. 695–705.
73. ^ German 2017, p. 97.
74. ^ ^{a b} Cox 2018, pp. 213–215.
75. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 217–222.
76. ^ ^{a b} Cox 2018, p. 222.
77. ^ Cox 2018, pp. 40–41.
78. ^ Onofrio 1994, pp. 281–284.
79. ^ Cox 2018, p. 223.
80. ^ "John Clifford Hodges Lee, Lieutenant General, United States Army". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
81. ^ Eisenhower 1948, p. 139.
82. ^ Ambrose 2002, p. 336.

References

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• Cox, Hank H. (2018). The General Who Wore Six Stars: The Inside Story of John C. H. Lee. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books.
  OCLC 989124130
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• Crosswell, D. K. R. (1991). The Chief of Staff: The Military Career of General Walter Bedell Smith. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  OCLC 22273487
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• Cullum, George W. (1920). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VI 1910–1920. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
• Cullum, George W. (1930). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VII 1920–1930. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
• Cullum, George W. (1940). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
• Cullum, George W. (1950). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
• OCLC 559866864
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• German, Kathleen M. (2017). Promises of Citizenship: Film Recruitment of African Americans in World War II. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
  OCLC 962552520
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• OCLC 22126862
  . Retrieved 22 April 2023.
• Ohl, John Kennedy (1994). Supplying the Troops: General Somervell and American Logistics in World War II. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois Press.
  OCLC 29182051
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• Onofrio, Jan, ed. (1994). Kansas Biographical Dictionary: People of All Times and Places Who have been Important to the History and Life of the State. New York: Somerset Publishers.
  OCLC 28890001
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• Pearcy, Matthew Todd (August 1996). A History of the Mississippi River Commission, 1879–1928: from Levees-Only to a Comprehensive Program of Flood Control for the Lower Mississippi Valley (PhD thesis). University of North Texas. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
• Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953). Logistical Support of the Armies: Volume I, May 1941 – September 1944 (PDF).
  OCLC 640653201
  . Retrieved 3 April 2018.
• Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1959). Logistical Support of the Armies: Volume II, September 1944 – May 1945 (PDF).
  OCLC 640653201
  . Retrieved 3 April 2018.

External links

• Generals of World War II

Military offices
Preceded by John N. Greely	Commanding General 2nd Infantry Division 1941–1942	Succeeded by Walter M. Robertson