John Crabbe (died 1352)
John Crabbe (before 1305 – 1352) was a
Family
John Crabbe was from the small town of Muide in Flanders (now Sint Anna ter Muiden in the Dutch province of Zeeland), situated on the coast near the mouth of the river Zwin, which in the fourteenth century connected Bruges, Damme and Sluis with the North Sea.[4] He may have been an elder brother of Peter Crabbe and Baldwin Crabbe,[5] and it is known that he had a nephew called Crabbekin.[5][6][7]
Early career
Although Crabbe probably began his career earlier, the first notice of him as a pirate is in 1305, when he attacked the Waardeboure of Dordrecht at La Rochelle in the Bay of Biscay, seizing the cargo, which included 160 tuns of wine, burning the ship, and kidnapping the sailors.[4] According to William Gurstelle, Crabbe largely owed the success of his attack on the Waardeboure to his development of a catapult which could be fired from the deck of his ship.[8] Since Dordrecht was under the jurisdiction of John II, Count of Holland, and the Counts of Holland and Zeeland were a "traditional enemy of Flanders", Crabbe likely considered the Waardeboure "legitimate prey".[9] The ship's owner, one John de le Waerde (Johannis de Wardre), a Dordrecht merchant, sought damages of 2,000 livres tournois.[10] He enlisted the help of Philip IV of France in negotiations with Robert III, Count of Flanders, but after four years Crabbe and his men had not been brought to justice. When summoned to trial they failed to appear; thus, although they were found guilty, de le Waerde was not indemnified.[9]
Nothing further is heard of Crabbe until the spring of 1310, when he seized a ship carrying cloth, jewels, gold, silver and other goods worth £2000 which were the property of Alice of Hainault (died 26 October 1317), Countess Marshal.[11][12][13][a] As revealed in a letter of complaint from Edward II of England to Count Robert of Flanders dated 29 May 1310, the ship was in the Strait of Dover, bound for London, when it was attacked by Crabbe, then master of the De la Mue (i.e. of Mude or Muiden). Although the king sent further letters to the count, Crabbe was not brought to justice. In 1315, some of Crabbe's men were punished, but no restitution had been made, in consequence of which Edward II ordered the seizure of Flemish ships and goods in London to compensate the countess.[7][11]
By this time Crabbe was apparently established in
For the next several years, nothing is known of Crabbe's activities.[17] However, in 1316 Flanders was ravaged by famine, and Count Robert allowed Crabbe to return, and appointed him admiral of a fleet of ships with orders to acquire food to alleviate the famine. Crabbe duly seized two ships owned by merchants of Great Yarmouth.[18] In December of that year Crabbe seized another ship, La Bona Navis de la Strode, off the Isle of Thanet. The Bona Navis was carrying a valuable cargo of wine intended for the English market, and the king made a series of representations concerning Crabbe's plunder of it to Count Robert during the ensuing five years. Count Robert, however, in a letter of 14 November 1317, disavowed knowledge of Crabbe's whereabouts, claiming that he had been banished for murder, but that he would be punished on the wheel if found.[19][20]
Crabbe was now notorious, and his deeds were mentioned by the chronicler Lodewijk van Velthem of Antwerp.[21] He returned to Scotland, eventually settling in Berwick, where he became a burgess,[6] and continued his attacks on English ships.[1] In 1318–1319, when the English attempted to capture Berwick, Crabbe played an important role in the defence of the town, recorded in verse by John Barbour, author of The Bruce:[1][22][23]
John Craby, a Flemyne, als had he,
That wes of gret subtilite.
In 1332,
Later years
In the ensuing years Crabbe was of considerable assistance to Edward III during the continuing war with Scotland. In February and March 1335 Crabbe gathered a fleet of ten ships from English ports, provisioned and manned them, and took them to sea in the king's service.[27] He later helped strengthen the fortifications at Berwick,[27] and in 1338 "erected engines and hoardings" for the siege of Dunbar Castle. He received payment for these services, and was referred to in documents of the period as the king's yeoman and on one occasion as the king's sergeant.[28]
The year 1337 marked the beginning of the
In an attempt to prevent the English from using the Low Countries as their base, Philip VI of France gathered a fleet at the mouths of the Zwin and Scheldt, and Edward III, prepared to attack immediately, met at Orwell[30] with his council, where John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, Morley and Crabbe urged him to delay until a larger fleet could be assembled.[31][32] The king did so with reluctance, and with a larger fleet engaged the French in the Battle of Sluys on the afternoon of 23 June; by the end of the day the English had virtually annihilated the enemy. A few French ships led by a pirate named Spoudevisch managed to escape, and at the king's order were pursued by Crabbe. Unfortunately whether Crabbe succeeded or failed in this endeavour is unknown. After Sluys, Crabbe may have accompanied the king to the siege of Tournai.[31]
The war with France reduced Edward III's finances to a desperate state, and on 10 October 1341 the grant made to Crabbe in 1333 was cancelled in return for a grant to him of the custody and profits of Somerton Castle.[33] Crabbe continued to prove useful to the king. Early in 1341 he provided timber for "engines" at the king's manor of Langley Marsh in Buckinghamshire, and made barricades at Fauxhall,[34] and in December of that year was employed in helping to fill the empty treasury by collecting certain moneys in Nottinghamshire.[34] After the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346, Edward III refused to permit prisoners taken by the English to be ransomed, and assigned their keeping to various castles throughout the realm. Crabbe was among those summoned by the council on 20 August 1347 in that regard, and was given custody of Walter de Maundeville,[35] who until then had been imprisoned in the Tower of London.[36]
Crabbe died in early 1352.[37]
Notes
- Counts of Hainaut family tree.[14]
Citations
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, p. 342.
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, p. 343.
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, pp. 344–5.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 334.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 348.
- ^ a b c d e Ewan 2004.
- ^ a b Bain 1887, p. 79.
- ^ Gurstelle 2004, pp. 117–19.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 336.
- ^ Lucas 1945, p. 335.
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, p. 337.
- ^ Cushway 2011, p. 8.
- ^ Richardson I 2011, p. 204.
- ^ Davies 1921, p. 318
- ^ Gurstelle 2004, p. 119.
- ^ Spirits of the Age: Scottish Self Portraits, publisher Saltire Society 19Aug2005, p.243-244
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, p. 338.
- ^ Lucas 1945, pp. 339–40.
- ^ Lucas 1945, p. 340.
- ^ Bain 1887, p. 126.
- ^ Lucas 1945, pp. 341–2.
- ^ Gurstelle 2004, p. 121.
- ^ Bain 1887, p. xxvi.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 344.
- ^ Bain 1887, p. 190.
- ^ a b Bain 1887, p. 196.
- ^ a b c Lucas 1945, p. 345.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 346.
- ^ Bain 1887, p. 239.
- ^ Cushway 2011, p. 12.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, p. 347.
- ^ Haines 2004.
- ^ Lucas 1945, pp. 347–8.
- ^ a b Lucas 1945, pp. 348–9.
- ^ Bain 1887, pp. 274–5.
- ^ Lucas 1945, p. 349.
- ^ Lucas 1945, p. 350.
References
- Bain, Joseph, ed. (1887). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. Vol. III. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
- Cushway, Graham (2011). Edward III and the War at Sea. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843836216.
- Davies, Gerald S. (1921). Charterhouse in London: Monastery, Mansion, Hospital, School. London: John Murray. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- Ewan, Elizabeth (2004). "Crab, John (c.1280–c.1352)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54157. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ISBN 9781556525261.
- Haines, Roy Martin (2004). "Stratford, John (c.1275–1348)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26645. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Lucas, Henry S. (July 1945). "John Crabbe: Flemish Pirate, Merchant and Adventurer". Speculum. 20 (3). Medieval Academy of America: 334–50. S2CID 163867102.
- Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966379.)
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External links
- Berwick Upon Tweed Castle Retrieved 28 October 2013