Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth | ||
---|---|---|
Shire county | ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Post town | GREAT YARMOUTH | |
Postcode district | NR30 | |
Dialling code | 01493 | |
Police | Norfolk | |
Fire | Norfolk | |
Ambulance | East of England | |
UK Parliament | ||
Website | [1] | |
Great Yarmouth (/ˈjɑːrməθ/ YAR-məth), often called Yarmouth, is a seaside town which gives its name to the wider Borough of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, England; it straddles the River Yare and is located 20 miles (32 km) east of Norwich.[3] Its fishing industry, mainly for herring, shrank after the mid-20th century and has all but ended.[4] North Sea oil from the 1960s supplied an oil-rig industry that services offshore natural gas rigs; more recently, offshore wind power and other renewable energy industries have ensued.
Yarmouth has been a resort since 1760 and a gateway from the
Geography and demography
Great Yarmouth is located on a 3.1-mile (5.0 km)
The ONS identifies a Great Yarmouth urban area as having a population of 68,317, which includes the sub-areas of Caister-on-Sea (population 8,756) and Great Yarmouth (population 58,032). The wider Great Yarmouth borough had a population of around 92,500, which increased to 97,277 at the 2011 United Kingdom census.[7] Ethnically, Great Yarmouth was 92.8 per cent White British, with the next biggest ethnic demographic being Other White at 3.5 per cent – Eastern Europeans in the main.[8]
History
Great Yarmouth (Gernemwa, Yernemuth) lies near the site of the
In 1101 the
A hospital was founded in Great Yarmouth during the reign of
In 1552,
Yarmouth is an ancient town, much older than Norwich; and at present, tho' not standing on so much ground, yet better built; much more compleat; for number of inhabitants, not much inferior; and for wealth, trade, and advantage of its situation, infinitely superior to Norwich.
It is plac'd on a peninsula between the River Yare and the sea; the two last lying parallel to one another, and the town in the middle: The river lies on the west-side of the town, and being grown very large and deep, by a conflux of all the rivers on this side the county, forms the haven; and the town facing to the west also, and open to the river, makes the finest key in England, if not in Europe, not inferior even to that of
Marseillesitself.The ships ride here so close, and as it were, keeping up one another, with their head-fasts on shore, that for half a mile [800 m] together, they go cross the stream with their bolsprits over the land, their bowes, or heads, touching the very wharf; so that one may walk from ship to ship as on a floating bridge, all along by the shore-side: The key reaching from the drawbridge almost to the south-gate, is so spacious and wide, that in some places 'tis near one hundred yards from the houses to the wharf. In this pleasant and agreeable range of houses are some very magnificent buildings, and among the rest, the custom-house and town-hall, and some merchants houses, which look like little palaces, rather than the dwelling-houses of private men.
The greatest defect of this beautiful town, seems to be, that tho' it is very rich and encreasing in wealth and trade, and consequently in people, there is not room to enlarge the town by building; which would be certainly done much more than it is, but that the river on the land-side prescribes them, except at the north end without the gate....
In 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the town was the main supply base for the North Sea Fleet. The fleet collected at the Yarmouth Roads, from whence it sailed to the decisive Battle of Camperdown against the Dutch fleet.[14]
Again in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the collected fleet sailed from the roadstead to the Battle of Copenhagen.[15]
From 1808 to 1814, the Admiralty in London could communicate with its ships in Yarmouth by a
The town was the site of a bridge disaster and drowning tragedy on 2 May 1845, when the Yarmouth suspension bridge crowded with children collapsed under the weight killing 79. They had gathered to watch a clown in a barrel being pulled by geese down the river. As he passed under the bridge the weight shifted, causing the chains on the south side to snap, tipping over the bridge deck.[19]
Great Yarmouth had an electric tramway system from 1902 to 1933. From the 1880s until the First World War, the town was a regular destinations for Bass Excursions, when 15 trains would take 8000–9000 employees of Bass's Burton brewery on an annual trip to the seaside.
During World War I, Great Yarmouth suffered the first aerial bombardment in the UK, by Zeppelin L3 on 19 January 1915. That same year on 15 August, Ernest Martin Jehan became the first and only man to sink a steel submarine with a sail-rigged Q-ship, off the coast of Great Yarmouth. It was bombarded by the German Navy on 24 April 1916.
The town suffered from bombing raids by the German
The town was badly affected by the
On 1 April 1974, the civil parish of Great Yarmouth was abolished.[21]
The southern section of the 2 mi (3.2 km)
In February 2023, an explosion on River Yare when disposal of unexploded ordnance from World War II resulted in accidental detonation.[22]
Sightseeing and tourism
The Tollhouse with
It backs onto the central library. Major sections of the medieval town walls survive around the parish cemetery and in parts of the old town.Great Yarmouth Minster (the Minster Church of St Nicholas, founded in the 12th century as an act of penance) stands in Church Plain, just off the market place. It is the third largest parish church in England after Beverley Minster in the East Riding of Yorkshire and Christchurch Priory in Dorset. Neighbouring Church Plain has the 17th-century timber-framed house where Anna Sewell (1820–1878), author of Black Beauty, was born.
The
Yarmouth has two
The Scroby Sands Wind Farm of 30 generators is within sight of the seafront, with its giant wind generators. Also visible are grey seals during their breeding season. The country's only full-time circus, Hippodrome Circus, is just off the seafront.
The
Great Yarmouth's seafront, known as "The Golden Mile" attracts millions of visitors each year to its sandy beaches, indoor and outdoor attractions and amusement arcades. Great Yarmouth's Marine Parade has twelve Amusement Arcades within 2 square miles (5.2 km2), including: Atlantis, The Flamingo, Circus Circus, The Golden Nugget, The Mint, Leisureland, The Majestic, The Silver Slipper, The Showboat, Magic City, Quicksilver and The Gold Rush, opened in 2007. In addition to the two piers, tourist attractions on Marine Parade include Joyland, Pirates Cove Adventure Golf, Castaway Island Adventure Golf, the Marina Centre, the Sea Life Centre, Merrivale Model Village and the Pleasure Beach and Gardens.
In August 2019, the Venetian Waterways and gardens reopened. The waterways, running parallel to the main beach, were a feature constructed as a work-creation scheme in 1926–1928, consisting of canals and formal gardens, with rowing boats,
The South Denes area is home to the Grade I listed Norfolk Naval Pillar, known locally as the Britannia Monument or Nelson's Monument. This tribute to Nelson was completed in 1819, 24 years before the completion of Nelson's Column in London. The monument, designed by William Wilkins, shows Britannia standing atop a globe holding an olive branch in her right hand and a trident in her left. There is a popular assumption in the town that the statue of Britannia was supposed to face out to sea but now faces inland due to a mistake during construction, although it is thought she is meant to face Nelson's birthplace at Burnham Thorpe. The monument was originally planned to mark Nelson's victory at the Battle of the Nile, but fund-raising was not completed until after his death and it was instead dedicated to England's greatest naval hero. It is currently surrounded by an industrial estate but there are plans to improve the area. The Norfolk Nelson Museum on South Quay housed the Ben Burgess collection of Nelson memorabilia and was the only dedicated Nelson museum in England. Its several galleries looked at Nelson's life and personality, and at what life was like for men who sailed under him. It closed in 2019.
The
The Maritime Heritage East partnership, based at the award-winning Time and Tide Museum aims to raise the profile of maritime heritage and museum collections.
In October 2021, street artist Banksy created a number of murals in the town known as A Great British Spraycation.
Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Great Yarmouth, at
Great Yarmouth was an ancient borough. The original borough was entirely on the north side of the Yare, which formed the historic boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk. After the borough was enlarged to include Southtown in 1668 the borough straddled the two counties.[11] The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, at which point the boundaries were enlarged to include all of the parish of Gorleston.[31][32] When elected county councils were created in 1889, Great Yarmouth was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from Norfolk County Council.[33] For ceremonial and judicial purposes the borough continued to straddle Norfolk and Suffolk until 1 April 1891 when the county boundary was adjusted to place the whole borough in Norfolk.[34]
The county borough of Great Yarmouth was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The area became part of the larger Borough of Great Yarmouth, a lower-tier non-metropolitan district, with Norfolk County Council providing county-level services to the town for the first time. No successor parish was created for the area of the former county borough, which therefore became an unparished area, directly administered by Great Yarmouth Borough Council.[35]
Great Yarmouth is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its current MP is Brandon Lewis of the Conservative Party.
Wildlife
The Yarmouth area provides habitats for a number of rare and unusual species. The area between the piers is home to one of the largest roosts of
This and the surrounding
The nearby cemetery is a renowned temporary roost for spring and autumn migrants. Common redstart and pied flycatcher are often seen during their migration[citation needed]. It has also recorded the first sightings of a number of rare insects blown in from the continent.
Sport and leisure
The main local
Great Yarmouth has a horse racecourse that features a chute allowing races of one mile (1.6 km) on the straight.
The main Marina leisure centre, built in 1981, has a large swimming pool and conference facilities; it holds live entertainment, such as summer pantomime variety shows produced by local entertainers Hanton & Dean. The centre is run by the Great Yarmouth Sport and Leisure Trust. The Trust was set up in April 2006 to run the building as a charitable non-profit-making organisation.
At the beginning of the 2008 summer season, a world's first
The English Pool Association (EPA),[36] the governing body for 8-Ball Pool in England, holds its National Finals Competitions (including Inter-County and Inter-League, singles and team competitions, and England trials) over several weekends through the year at the Vauxhall Holiday Park[37] on the outskirts of Great Yarmouth.
Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals is received from the Tacolneston transmitter or from one of the two local relay transmitters (Great Yarmouth and Gorleston on Sea).[38][39][40]
The town’s local radio stations are BBC Radio Norfolk on 95.1 FM, Heart East on 102.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Norfolk & North Suffolk (formerly The Beach) on 103.4 FM and Harbour Radio, a community radio station that broadcast from the town on 107.4 FM.[41]
The Great Yarmouth Mercury is the town’s weekly local newspaper including the county-wide newspaper Eastern Daily Press.
Transport
Railway
The
Before the Beeching cuts, there were three other railway lines that entered the town:
- From the north: The Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway down the coast from Melton Constable to a terminus at Beach station;
- From the south-west: The London Liverpool Street, via Beccles, terminating at South Town station;
- From the south: The
The remaining Vauxhall station was renamed Great Yarmouth in 1989. It is the sole surviving station from a former total of seventeen within the
Buses
The bus station in Great Yarmouth is the hub for local routes, located beneath
Port and river
The
A ferry running between the southern tip of Great Yarmouth and Gorleston provided a much shorter link between the factories on South Denes and the mostly residential areas of Gorleston. However, increased running costs and the decline of industrial activity led to its closure in the early 1990s.[46]
Since 2006, the restored pleasure steamer the Southern Belle has offered regular river excursions from the town's Haven Bridge. Built in 1925 for the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, she is now owned by the Great Yarmouth and Gorleston Steam Packet Company Limited.[47]
Construction work on the
Lifeboat station
There has been a lifeboat at Great Yarmouth since at least 1802. Early boats were privately operated, until the
Roadstead
The anchorage off Yarmouth, known as Yarmouth Roads, was seen as one of East Coast's best in the early 1800s. There fleets gathered and set sail during the Napoleonic wars.[52] Nowadays the roadstead is more likely to be referred to as an anchorage.[53]
Roads
The town is served by the
Third river crossing
Plans were advanced for a third river crossing in Great Yarmouth to link northern Gorleston with the South Denes and the Outer Harbour, avoiding the congested town centre. A public consultation took place in mid-2009 over four possible proposals but plans talled by lack of funding and closure of the container terminal.[54] In 2016, additional funding of just over £1 million was pledged[55] and a potential crossing proposal outlined for the crossing to link the A12 at Harfrey's Roundabout to South Denes.[56][57] The bridge project was approved in 2020[58] construction of the bascule bridge, to be named "Herring Bridge" began in January 2021, and was set to end in May 2023.[59][60] During construction works, an unexploded German bomb from the Second World War was discovered and exploded during defusing attempts. Opening for road traffic will take place in 2024.[61]
Air
The
First Responder group
An East of England Ambulance Service First Responder group has been set up for the Great Yarmouth area. Made up of a group of volunteers within the community in which they live or work, they are trained to attend emergency 999 calls by the NHS Ambulance Service.[63]
Enterprise zone
Notable people
Medieval
- Joan Larke (c. 1490 – after 1529), mistress of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and mother of his two illegitimate children
16th century
- Sir John Clere (c. 1511–1557) politician and naval commander[65]
- William Harborne (c. 1542–1617) diplomat, merchant and Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire[66]
- Edward Owner (1576–1650) politician who sat in the House of Commons at times between 1621 and 1648[67]
- Sir John Potts, 1st Baronet (c. 1592–1673) politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648 and in 1660.[68]
17th century.
- William Bridge (c. 1600–1670), prominent English independent minister[69]
- Thomas Goodwin (1600–1680) Puritan theologian and preacher, chaplain to Oliver Cromwell[70]
- Joseph Ames (1619–1695) naval commander under the Commonwealth of England[71]
- Rebecca Nurse (1621–1692), sister of Mary Eastey and a victim of the Salem witch trials, was born in Great Yarmouth.[72]
- Mary Eastey (1634–92), victim of the Salem witch trials, was born in Great Yarmouth.
- John Clipperton (1676–1722) of Clipperton Island, privateer who fought against the Spanish
- Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet (1681–1751) Governor of Virginia from 1727 to 1749[73]
18th century
- antiquary, schoolmaster and land surveyor[76]
- James Sayers (1748–1823), caricaturist[77]
- John Ives FRS (1751–1776), antiquary and officer of arms at the College of Arms in London[78]
- Dr Thomas Girdlestone (1758−1822), English physician and writer[79]
- Captain George William Manby FRS (1765−1854), barrack-master and inventor of marine life-saving equipment and the fire extinguisher[80]
- Mary Dawson Turner (1774–1850), artist and illustrator [81]
- Dawson Turner FRS (1775–1858), banker, botanist and antiquary[82]
- Captain John Black (1778–1802) son of a clergyman, ship's officer and privateer
- William Fisher (1780–1852) officer of the Royal Navy and a novelist[83]
- Robert Miles Sloman (1783–1867), British-German shipbuilder[84]
- Robert Gooch MD (1784–1830), physician[85]
- William Hovell (1786−1875), explorer of Australia[86]
- James Beeching (1788−1858), local shipbuilder, whose firm survived into the 20th century[87]
- Sarah Martin (1791–1843), prison visitor and philanthropist[88]
- Sir George James Turner (1798–1867), barrister, politician and judge, Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery[89]
- Henry Stebbing FRS (1799–1883), cleric, man of letters, poet, preacher and historian[90]
19th century.
- Robert McCormick (1800–1890) Royal Navy ship's surgeon, explorer and naturalist.[91]
- Samuel Laman Blanchard (1804–1845) author and journalist[92]
- Charles John Palmer (1805–1888) lawyer and historian of Great Yarmouth[93]
- John Cantiloe Joy and William Joy (1805–1859 and 1803–1865) marine artists and members of the Norwich School of painters
- James Allen Ransome (1806–1875) agricultural engineer and writer on agriculture[94]
- Sir Edmund Lacon (1807–1888) Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1852 and 1885
- Sir George Edward Paget FRS (1809–1892) physician and academic[95]
- John Bell (1811–1895) sculptor[96]
- Sir James Paget (1814−1899), Victorian surgeon, after whom the James Paget University Hospital was named[97]
- Anna Sewell (1820−1878), author of Black Beauty, was born and spent the early part of her life in Great Yarmouth.[98]
- James Haylett (1825–1907) noted lifeboatman[99]
- Emma Maria Pearson (1828–1893) writer, one of the first British women nurses in the Red Cross
- Colonel Sir Robert William Edis KBE CB (1839–1927) architect[102]
- Charles Burton Barber (1845–1894) painter, notably of children and pets[103]
- Sir G. A. H. Branson PC (1871–1951), barrister and High Court judge, grandfather of Richard Branson.
- General Sir Thomas Astley Cubitt KCB, CMG, DSO (1871–1939) Army officer and Governor of Bermuda
- Oliver Fellows Tomkins (1873-1901) missionary, eaten by cannibals in Papua
- Reginald Edwards (1881–1925), cricketer
- Captain Cuthbert Orde (1888–1968) war artist, who portrayed many RAF fighter pilots[104]
- Bandsman Jack Blake (John Blake) (1890–1960) boxer, who became British middleweight champion in 1916[105]
- philosopher of biology[106]
20th century
- Naomi Lewis (1911–2009) poet, essayist, critic and children's story teller[107]
- Jack Cardiff (1914−2009), Oscar-winning cinematographer[108]
- Peter Cadbury (1918–2006) founder of Westward Television[109]
- Peter Shore (1924–2001), Labour MP and cabinet minister[110]
- Bob Grigg (1924–2002) aerospace engineer, chief designer of British Aerospace 146[111]
- Gerald Hawkins (1928–2003) astronomer and author working on archaeoastronomy[112]
- Sir Royal Ballet, Covent Garden[113]
- Richard Larn OBE (born 1931) RN Chief Petty Officer, businessman and maritime historian[114]
- John McDonnell (born 1951, in Liverpool), Labour Party politician and MP, attended Great Yarmouth Grammar School, having moved to Great Yarmouth at a young age.[115][116][117]
- Tony Wright (born 1954) Labour Party politician and MP for Great Yarmouth 1997–2010[118]
- Keith Chapman (born 1959) children's television writer and producer, creator of Bob the Builder and PAW Patrol[119]
- Dale Vince OBE (born 1961) sustainable energy industrialist and New Age traveller[120]
- Jason Statham (born 1967) actor, lived in Great Yarmouth in childhood and attended the local grammar school.[121]
- Matthew Macfadyen (born 1974) actor born in Great Yarmouth[122]
- Travis Kerschen (born 1982) independent film actor[citation needed]
- Myleene Angela Klass(born 1978) British musician, singer, television presenter and model.
Twin towns
Great Yarmouth has been
See also
- Lydia Eva, the last surviving steam drifter of the Great Yarmouth herring fishing fleet
- "Yarmouth Town", a traditional sea shanty set in the town
Notes
- ^ 52°34′32″N 1°43′55″E / 52.575419°N 1.732039°E
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Further reading
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Ferry, Kathryn (2009) "'The maker of modern Yarmouth': J. W. Cockrill", in: Kathryn Ferry, ed., Powerhouses of Provincial Architecture, 1837–1914. London: Victorian Society; pp. 45–58