John McCarthy (computer scientist)

John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American

McCarthy spent most of his career at Stanford University.^[2] He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971 Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI,^[3] the United States National Medal of Science, and the Kyoto Prize.

Early life and education

John McCarthy was born in

McCarthy graduated from Belmont High School two years early^[9] and was accepted into Caltech in 1944.

He showed an early aptitude for mathematics; during his teens, he taught himself college math by studying the textbooks used at the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). As a result, he was able to skip the first two years of math at Caltech.^[10] He was suspended from Caltech for failure to attend

It was at Caltech that he attended a lecture by John von Neumann that inspired his future endeavors.

McCarthy completed his graduate studies at Caltech before moving to

After short-term appointments at Princeton and Stanford University, McCarthy became an assistant professor at Dartmouth in 1955.

A year later, he moved to

In 1962, he became a full professor at Stanford, where he remained until his retirement in 2000.

McCarthy championed mathematics such as lambda calculus and invented logics for achieving common sense in artificial intelligence.

Contributions in computer science

John McCarthy is one of the "founding fathers" of artificial intelligence, together with

In 1958, he proposed the advice taker, which inspired later work on question-answering and logic programming.

In the late 1950s, McCarthy discovered that primitive recursive functions could be extended to compute with symbolic expressions, producing the Lisp programming language.^[16] That functional programming seminal paper also introduced the lambda notation borrowed from the syntax of lambda calculus in which later dialects like Scheme based its semantics. Lisp soon became the programming language of choice for AI applications after its publication in 1960.

In 1958, McCarthy served on an Association for Computing Machinery ad hoc committee on Languages that became part of the committee that designed ALGOL 60. In August 1959 he proposed the use of recursion and conditional expressions, which became part of ALGOL.^[17] He then became involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics, as a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi,^[18] which specified, maintains, and supports ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68.^[19]

Around 1959, he invented so-called "garbage collection" methods, a kind of automatic memory management, to solve problems in Lisp.^[20][21]

During his time at

McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the very earliest

The Internet would not have happened nearly as soon as it did except for the fact that John initiated the development of time-sharing systems. We keep inventing new names for time-sharing. It came to be called servers ... Now we call it cloud computing. That is still just time-sharing. John started it.^[9]

— Elaine Woo

In 1961, he was perhaps the first to suggest publicly the idea of utility computing, in a speech given to celebrate MIT's centennial: that computer time-sharing technology might result in a future in which computing power and even specific applications could be sold through the utility business model (like water or electricity).^[22][23] This idea of a computer or information utility was very popular during the late 1960s, but had faded by the mid-1990s. However, since 2000, the idea has resurfaced in new forms (see application service provider, grid computing, and cloud computing).

In 1966, McCarthy and his team at Stanford wrote a computer program used to play a series of chess games with counterparts in the Soviet Union; McCarthy's team lost two games and drew two games (see Kotok-McCarthy).

From 1978 to 1986, McCarthy developed the

In 1982, he seems to have originated the idea of the space fountain, a type of tower extending into space and kept vertical by the outward force of a stream of pellets propelled from Earth along a sort of conveyor belt which returns the pellets to Earth. Payloads would ride the conveyor belt upward.^[24]

Other activities

McCarthy often commented on world affairs on the

• Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (1971)
• Kyoto Prize (1988)
• National Medal of Science (US) in Mathematical, Statistical, and Computational Sciences (1990)^[41]
• Inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his co-founding of the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and timesharing systems, and for major contributions to mathematics and computer science" (1999)^[42]
• Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science from the Franklin Institute
  (2003)
• Inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame (2011), for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems"^[43]
• Named as one of the 2012 Stanford Engineering Heroes^[44]

Major publications

• McCarthy, J. 1959. "Programs with Common Sense" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2013). In Proceedings of the Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes, 756–91. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
• McCarthy, J. 1960. "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2013). Communications of the ACM 3(4):184-195.
• McCarthy, J. 1963a "A basis for a mathematical theory of computation". In Computer Programming and formal systems. North-Holland.
• McCarthy, J. 1963b. Situations, actions, and causal laws. Technical report, Stanford University.
• McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J. 1969. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2013). In Meltzer, B., and Michie, D., eds., Machine Intelligence 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 463–502.
• McCarthy, J. 1977. "Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence". In
  IJCAI
  , 1038–1044.
• McCarthy, J (1980). "Circumscription: A form of non-monotonic reasoning".
  doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9
  .
• McCarthy, J (1986). "Applications of circumscription to common sense reasoning". Artificial Intelligence. 28 (1): 89–116.
  doi:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9
  .
• McCarthy, J. 1990. "Generality in artificial intelligence". In Lifschitz, V., ed., Formalizing Common Sense. Ablex. 226–236.
• McCarthy, J. 1993. "Notes on formalizing context". In IJCAI, 555–562.
• McCarthy, J., and Buvac, S. 1997. "Formalizing context: Expanded notes". In Aliseda, A.; van Glabbeek, R.; and Westerstahl, D., eds., Computing Natural Language. Stanford University. Also available as Stanford Technical Note STAN-CS-TN-94-13.
• McCarthy, J. 1998. "Elaboration tolerance". In Working Papers of the Fourth International Symposium on Logical formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Commonsense-1998.
• Costello, T., and McCarthy, J. 1999. "Useful counterfactuals".
  Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence
  3(A):51-76
• McCarthy, J. 2002. "Actions and other events in situation calculus". In Fensel, D.; Giunchiglia, F.; McGuinness, D.; and Williams, M., eds., Proceedings of KR-2002, 615–628.

Further reading

• Philip J. Hilts, Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science, Simon and Schuster, 1982. Lengthy profiles of John McCarthy, physicist Robert R. Wilson and geneticist Mark Ptashne.
• Pamela McCorduck, Machines Who Think: a personal inquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence, 1979, second edition 2004.
• Pamela Weintraub, ed., The Omni Interviews, New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1984. Collected interviews originally published in Omni magazine; contains an interview with McCarthy.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John McCarthy.

Wikiquote has quotations related to John McCarthy.

• McCarthy's Stanford home page at the Wayback Machine (archived October 11, 2013).
• John McCarthy at DBLP Bibliography Server
• John McCarthy at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• John McCarthy at the AI Genealogy Project.
• Celebration of John McCarthy's Accomplishments at Stanford University.
• Interview with Guy Steele conducted at OOPSLA 2008; Set of interviews:
• Oral history interview with John McCarthy at
  Charles Babbage Institute
  , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. McCarthy discusses his role in the development of time-sharing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also describes his work in artificial intelligence (AI) funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, including logic-based AI (Lisp) and robotics.
• Oral history interview with Marvin Minsky at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including the work of John McCarthy.
• Oral history interview with Jack B. Dennis at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Dennis discusses the work of John McCarthy on time-sharing, and the influence of DARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office on the development of time-sharing.
• Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Corbató discusses computer science research, especially time-sharing, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including John McCarthy and research on time-sharing.
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

Preceded by Lucy Suchman

Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science 2003

Succeeded by Richard M. Karp