John T. Hayward
John Tucker "Chick" Hayward (15 November 1908 – 23 May 1999) was an American
During World War II, he served at the
After the war ended, he travelled to Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of the team investigating the bomb damage, and during
From June 1951 to May 1953, Hayward was head of the Military Applications Division of the Atomic Energy Commission, where he conducted atomic weapons laboratory work at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In June 1953, he assumed command of the escort carrier USS Point Cruz, and was involved in the rescue of a baby who was found abandoned in the trash at a U.S. Army depot. In June 1954, he became the first naval aviator to command the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, where he was involved with the development of the Mark 52 naval mine and the Mark 90 nuclear bomb, a nuclear depth charge. He was Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Research and Development, and then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development. In 1962 he assumed command of a carrier task force which included the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. He commanded the Antisubmarine Warfare Force, Pacific Fleet, from 1963 to 1966, and then was president of the Naval War College from 1966 until 1968.
Early life
Hayward was born in
Hayward did his initial naval training at the Naval Station Newport at Newport, Rhode Island. He was encouraged by the Chaplain, Father John J. Brady, to try for admission to United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Brady arranged for Hayward to be sent to the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Norfolk, Virginia, to study for the entrance exams. During World War I, some one-hundred presidential appointments to Annapolis had been set aside for enlisted sailors, but few had applied, and fewer still had passed the entrance exams. Of the 119 sailors who sat the exams in 1926, only 19 passed, one of whom was Hayward. He entered Annapolis in August 1926,[5] and was commissioned as an ensign on graduation in June 1930, ranking 51st in his class of 406.[6]
After graduation, Hayward volunteered for naval aviation, and learned to fly in a
Hayward was posted to a scout bombing squadron, VS-1B, flying
World War II
Pacific Theater
Hayward was posted to the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia in June 1940, where he continued graduate studies at Temple University that he had begun in 1937, and then attended the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, where he studied nuclear physics. At the Naval Aircraft Factory, he was involved in an effort to improve aircraft instrumentation, notably the compass and altimeter. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1942.[13]
In June 1942, Hayward assumed command of a new patrol bomber squadron, VB-106, equipped with
For extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight as Squadron Commander of a Heavy Bombing Squadron during the attack by U.S. Naval Forces against Wake Island on 5 October 1943. He led the attack by his squadron and personally directed the operations against enemy objectives during which time he successfully and effectively bombed, strafed enemy installations, and obtained many valuable photographs of the island in the face of intense anti-aircraft fire. His aggressive and skillful leadership and constant devotion to duty contributed directly to the success of this action against the enemy and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.[15]
Hayward was awarded a second Distinguished Flying Cross on the recommendation of Captain Arleigh Burke for leading his squadron in the South Pacific Area.[16] His citation read:
For extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight against the enemy as commanding officer of a navy bombing squadron operating in the South Pacific area from 8 November 1943 to 24 February 1944. During this period, Commander Hayward completed many combat and search missions over Japanese territory, frequently encountering heavy anti-aircraft fire. Several of the missions were made, despite adverse weather conditions. On 8 November while on a routine search, he bombed Kapingimarangi Island, scoring four direct hits on an enemy bivouac area. On 20 and 31 December and 8 January he bombed, strafed and sank enemy supply barges on each occasion. On 24 February, his efficient spotting enabled our destroyers to destroy three Japanese cargo vessels in Kavieng Harbor. His superior airmanship and outstanding leadership contributed materially to the success of the squadron in inflicting severe damage on the Japanese forces in the area. His courageous conduct was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.[15]
In March 1944, VB-106 was transferred to
for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as commanding officer of Bombing Squadron One Hundred Six (VB-106), in connection with operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Pacific Ocean Area from 25 March to 1 June 1944. During this period, Captain Hayward successfully carried out three hundred and five long-range search operations, armed reconnaissance and offensive strikes against the enemy. His competent leadership, professional skill and initiative were contributing factors in the success of his squadron in sinking twelve enemy cargo vessels and thirteen barges; and in shooting down twelve aircraft and damaging three in aerial combat. Captain Hayward's aggressiveness and unwavering devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.[15]
Somewhat depleted in both aircraft and aircrews, VB-106 handed over its three PB4Ys with the least hours on the clock to its relief, VB-115, on 27 May 1944, and returned to the United States.[17]
Manhattan Project
Hayward's next posting was to the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California. Initially he was involved with test firing rockets from various aircraft, including the Grumman F6F Hellcat and the twin engine Grumman F7F Tigercat. Once his security clearance was complete, he was assigned to the Manhattan Project. He participated in Project Camel, the development of the non-nuclear components of the Fat Man bomb, and in its drop testing. This involved flying the four engine Boeing B-29 Superfortress. [18] After the war ended, he travelled to Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of the Manhattan Project team investigating the bomb damage.[2] He was promoted to captain on 10 December 1945.[19] During Operation Crossroads, he led the effort to photograph the nuclear explosion at the Bikini Atoll.[2]
Post war
Nuclear weapons
After a series of clashes with his superior at Inyokern, Captain James B. Sykes, Hayward left to become the Director for Plans and Operations for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Sandia National Laboratories on 1 August 1947.[20][21] On 1 January 1948, he was reduced in rank to commander again. The Air Force offered a commission as a brigadier general, and Convair offered a job working on the SM-65 Atlas missile, but Hayward elected to stay in the navy. He participated in the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests in the Pacific in April 1948.[22]
After World War II, the US Navy sought to acquire a nuclear strike capability, and the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air, Rear Admiral
On 28 April 1948, two P2Vs were launched from a carrier, the
Hayward was promoted to captain again on 19 February 1949.
The P2Vs would be first augmented, and then replaced, by the more capable
From June 1951 to May 1953, Hayward was head of the Military Applications Division of the Atomic Energy Commission, where he conducted atomic weapons laboratory work at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He also worked on the foundation of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory program in 1952 in close collaboration with Edward Teller.[31] The culmination of this was working on the Ivy Mike nuclear test.[32]
Point Cruz
In June 1953, Hayward took command of the escort carrier USS Point Cruz. He confessed to the crew that he did not know what he was doing, and urged any crewman who felt he was doing something wrong to tell him so at once.[33] At the end of the Korean War, the carrier was deployed at Inchon, where a baby was found abandoned in the trash at a U.S. Army depot. The baby was brought to an orphanage, and Hayward sent Point Cruz's chaplain in response to a request for assistance. The nun running the orphanage felt the blue-eyed baby would not be safe if he remained in Korea.[34] Hayward is said to have told the chaplain: "You are not to return to this vessel until you have procured that baby."[35]
Hayward is credited with putting his naval career "on the line" by bringing the baby on the ship, which was against regulations, and he subsequently received orders to get the baby off the ship.[35] However, having a baby on board boosted sailors' morale, and Hayward later said that a leader must "know when to intelligently disregard regulations."[35] A visa was obtained by intervention of Richard Nixon's staffers, and a passport was secured by winning a poker game against the South Korean who issued passports. The baby, adopted by Navy surgeon Hugh Keenan, who was also in port at Inchon, was later named Daniel, and was transferred to a civilian ship in Japan. Daniel Keenan was raised in Seattle and began attending reunions of the crew of the Point Cruz in 1993.[34][35] The story of Daniel Keenan was made into a television movie, A Thousand Men and a Baby, which aired on CBS in 1997.[36]
Later career
Hayward assumed command of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory at White Oak, Maryland, in June 1954. He was the first naval aviator to do so, all the previous commanders having been naval ordnance officers. Under his guidance, the Naval Ordnance Laboratory developed the Mark 52 naval mine, an air-delivered weapon with acoustic, magnetic and pressure sensors.[33][37] Hayward encountered some resistance with this project, as mine warfare was a neglected field in the Navy. The Naval Ordnance Laboratory also developed the Mark 90 nuclear bomb, a nuclear depth charge, which was tested during Operation Wigwam in May 1955.[38]
From a naval career point of view, Hayward's most notable drawback was his lack of time in command of a ship at sea. Admiral Arleigh Burke, now Chief of naval Operations, arranged for Hayward to be given command of the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1956. This would normally be the climax of naval aviator's career, but that year he was selected for promotion to rear admiral.[39] His record of 13,200 flight hours was the highest ever achieved by a flag officer.[3] On 7 January 1957, he was assigned to the office of the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Plans and Operations.[40] In October, he became Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Research and Development. The very public failure of Project Vanguard resulted in Hayward being called to appear before a Congressional Committee, where he was grilled by its chairman, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson.[41] The post was upgraded to Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development in 1959, and he was promoted to vice admiral.[42] He pushed the development of a number of new weapons systems, including the Lockheed P-3 Orion and the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Between 1959 and 1961, Defense expenditure on research and development grew from $525 million (roughly equivalent to $5.49 billion in 2024[43]) to $4 billion (roughly equivalent to $40.8 billion in 2024[43]).[44]
In 1962, President John F. Kennedy offered Hayward four stars and the job of Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Hayward turned it down, accepting a demotion to rear admiral on 9 March 1962 to take command of Carrier Division 2, which included the nuclear-powered Enterprise, Long Beach, Bainbridge and Truxtun.[45] In October 1962, his ships participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis.[46] In June 1963, he was restored to the rank of vice admiral, which was backdated to 25 April 1959, the day he had first been promoted.[47] He commanded the Antisubmarine Warfare Force, Pacific Fleet, from 13 June 1963 to 12 January 1966, for which he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his "leadership, judgment and foresight in research and development associated with antisubmarine warfare and the training of Antisubmarine Warfare Groups during his tenure of command."[15]
Hayward was president of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, from 1966 until 1968. He strove to transform the Naval War College into the Navy's premier postgraduate school, one from which graduation would fit officers for, and mark them out as future flag officers. Heading a captain's selection board in May 1967, he disapproved of two officers with spotless records. "You mean they never argued, never had a difference of opinion?" he remarked. "What kind of man is that?"[48]
Hayward was awarded a second Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service as president of Naval War College.
Later life
After retiring from the Navy, Hayward worked for General Dynamics as a vice president for international programs until 1973, and then as a consultant until 1979. He then worked with the Draper Laboratory and the Hertz Foundation.[49] He became an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Fellow in 1998,[50] and was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 2004.[3]
Hayward joined a team of scientists that was sent to investigate the origins of the
Hayward died of cancer on 23 May 1999 in Atlantic Beach, Florida, and was buried in
Notes
- ^ a b Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 1, 5.
- ^ a b c "Vice Adm. John T. 'Chick' Hayward Dies at 90". The Washington Post. 29 May 1999.
- ^ Honan, William H. (27 May 1999). "Vice Adm. John Hayward, 90; Helped Design Bomb for Nagasaki". The New York Times.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 6.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 8–12.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 17.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 29.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 35–39.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 35–39, 43.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 49–53.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 63–67.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 74–75, 79–80, 84.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 92–94.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Valor Awards for John Tucker Hayward". Military Times. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ a b Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 106.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 110.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 115–117, 125–126, 132–135.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 147.
- ^ "Detection of Atom Bomb in Russia Held Difficult". Toledo Blade. 17 July 1948. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 157–158, 181.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 166–167.
- ^ a b c d Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 169.
- ^ a b "VC-5 History". Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 183.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 184, 188.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 167–169.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 192–194.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 197–202.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 206–207.
- ^ a b Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 210–211.
- ^ a b Thrower, Anne (14 September 2007). "After 54 years, this 'baby' is still in the hearts of the Sailors who 'adopted' him". Pensacola News Journal.
- ^ a b c d Jamieson, Robert L. Jr. (5 July 1997). "A Tale Made for Hollywood – From Wartime to Ephrata, Orphan's Odyssey Recounted". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. pp. A1.
- Chicago Sun Times. p. 53.
- Jane's. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 228–232.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 232–233.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 241–243.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 249–251.
- Time magazine. 13 April 1959. Archived from the originalon 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 254–258.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 264–265.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 272–273.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 314.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, pp. 285–289.
- ^ Hayward & Borklund 2000, p. 292.
- ^ "Past Recipients". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original on 17 June 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
- ^ "Expert says Resurrection Made Images". The News Journal. 25 November 1982. p. 19. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ "Hayward, John T". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
References
- Hayward, John T.; Borklund, C.W. (2000). Bluejacket Admiral: The Naval Career of Chick Hayward. OCLC 43411582.
External links
- Oral History by Vice Admiral John T. Hayward
- "Papers of Vice Admiral John T. Hayward, 1942–1943". Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 September 2011.