Jund Hims
Jund Ḥimṣ (
Arabic: جند حمص, "military district of Homs") was one of the military districts of the caliphal province of Syria.[1]
Geography
The capital of Jund Hims was
Qara, while its northern limit lay beyond the village of al-Qurayshiyya, a village on the Mediterranean coast. Eastward were the towns of Palmyra and al-Qaryatayn.[4]
History
After the
Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan at the Battle of Siffin against Caliph Ali (r. 656–661). Samayfa and Hawshab died in that battle, and Samayfa was succeeded by his son Shurahbil as leader of the troops of Jund Hims, until Shurahbil's death at the Battle of Khazir in 686.[6] Al-Simt's son Shurahbil may have been the sub-governor of Jund Hims during Mu'awiya's overall governorship (646–661) and/or caliphate (661–680).[9]
The Quda'a, allied with the Kinda and
Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) or Yazid I (r. 680–683) the Qinnasrin–Jazira was administratively separated from Jund Hims,[5][12] due to the dominance of the Qays in those regions.[10][7]
After the death of Yazid and his son and successor, Mu'awiya II, in 683 and 684, the Quda'a, Kinda, Ghassan, as well as the South Arabian Akk and Ash'ar, rallied behind another Umayyad candidate for the caliphate, Marwan I, while the Qahtan of Hims and Qays supported the anti-Umayyad Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr of Mecca.[10] At the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684, the Qahtan and Ansar of Hims joined the Qays tribal faction in opposition to the Umayyads and their tribal allies.[7] The battle ended in a rout for the anti-Umayyad forces, but soon afterward the Qahtan, Quda'a, Kinda, Judham and others allied to form the Yaman (Yemeni) faction, in opposition to the Qays, who maintained their rebellion from the Jazira.[13]
In the later Umayyad period, during and after the
Husayn ibn Numayr of the Sakun clan of Kinda as their leader. Although Yazid put down the revolt, he offered the tribal nobility of Hims significant sums and appointed Mu'awiya ibn Yazid governor.[15] After Yazid's death, the troops of Hims refused to accept the legitimacy of Caliph Ibrahim (r. 744–744) and rebelled against Caliph Marwan II (r. 744–750),[14] though the household of Husayn ibn Numayr backed him.[15]
Governors
Rashidun period (638–661)
- Iyad ibn Ghanm al-Fihri (639–641)[16]
- Sa'id ibn Amir ibn Hidhyam al-Jumahi (641–642)[16][17]
- Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari (642–646)[16]
- Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (646–661)[18]
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid ibn al-Walid (at least 653/654[19]–666)
Umayyad period (661–750)
- governed under Mu'awiya I)
- Malik ibn Hubayra al-Sakuni (undetermined period in 661–680; governed under Mu'awiya I)[22]
- Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni (680–683;[22] governed under Caliph Yazid I)
- Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari (684–684;[23] governed under the Mecca-based claimant to the caliphate Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr[22])
- Khalid ibn Yazid (684–685;[24] son of Yazid I, governed under his Umayyad kinsman Caliph Marwan I[22])
- Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba (684–685;[24] may have served as Khalid's deputy)[22]
- Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba (685–691;[22] governed under his distant Umayyad kinsman Caliph Abd al-Malik)[25]
- Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik (c. 703–704)[24]
- Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid (705–715)[26]
- Yazid ibn Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni (717–720)[27]
- Abd al-Malik ibn Qa'qa ibn Khulayd al-Absi (undetermined period in 724–743)[28]
- Marwan ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik and/or Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Yazid (743–744)[29]
- Mu'awiya ibn Yazid ibn Husayn al-Sakuni (744–745)[15][30]
- Abd Allah ibn Shajara al-Kindi (745)[30]
- Sa'id ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (745; rebel governor for Sulayman ibn Hisham)[31]
Abbasid period
10th-century
.
- Abd Allah ibn Ali (750–753)[32]
- Salih ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Abbas (756–757)[33]
- Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (793–795)
- Ishaq ibn Sulayman ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Abbas (809)[34]
- Abd Allah ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (809–810)[34]
- Al-Mu'ayyad (854–855)[35]
- Salih al-Abbasi al-Turki (855–856)[36]
See also
References
- ISBN 1-85444-173-6.
- ^ le Strange 1890, p. 35.
- ^ le Strange 1890, p. 35–36.
- ^ le Strange 1890, p. 36.
- ^ a b Hinds 1993, p. 264.
- ^ a b Madelung 1986, pp. 141–142.
- ^ a b c d e Crone 1994, p. 45.
- ^ Madelung 1986, p. 142.
- ^ a b Madelung 1986, p. 141.
- ^ a b c Crone 1980, p. 34.
- ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 50.
- ^ Kennedy 2001, p. 31.
- ^ Crone 1994, p. 46.
- ^ a b Madelung 1986, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Crone 1980, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Humphreys 1990, p. 72.
- ^ Ritter 2013, p. 805.
- ^ Humphreys 1990, p. 74.
- ^ Humphreys 1990, p. 119.
- ^ Crone 1980, p. 226, note 234.
- ^ Wellhausen 1927, p. 130.
- ^ a b c d e f Gundelfinger & Verkinderen 2020, p. 97.
- ^ Hawting 1989, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Crone 1980, p. 124.
- ^ Dixon 1969, p. 173.
- ^ Crone 1980, p. 125.
- ^ Crone 1980, p. 127.
- ^ Hillenbrand 1989, p. 136.
- ^ Crone 1980, p. 129.
- ^ a b Williams 1985, p. 3.
- ^ Williams 1985, p. 23.
- ^ Williams 1985, pp. 198, 204, 208.
- ^ McAuliffe 1995, p. 75.
- ^ a b Fishbein 1992, p. 21.
- ^ Kraemer 1989, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Kraemer 1989, pp. 133–134.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
- ISBN 0-521-52940-9.
- Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?" (PDF). Der Islam. 71: 1–57. S2CID 154370527.
- Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer 'Abd (August 1969). The Umayyad Caliphate 65–86/684–705: A Political Study (Thesis). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
- Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1992). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXI: The War Between Brothers: The Caliphate of Muḥammad al-Amīn, A.D. 809–813/A.H. 193–198. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1085-1.
- Gundelfinger, Simon; Verkinderen, Peter (2020). "The Governors of al-Sham and Fars in the Early Islamic Empire - A Comparative Regional Perspective". In Hagemann, Hannah-Lena; Heidemann, Stefan (eds.). Elites — Connecting the Early Islamic Empire. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 255–330. ISBN 978-3-11-066648-9.
- ISBN 978-0-88706-855-3.
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- ISBN 978-0-88706-810-2.
- Hinds, M. (1993). "Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān". In ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
- Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-874-4.
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- ISBN 978-0-7914-1895-6.
- Ritter, Hellmut (2013). The Ocean of the Soul: Men, the World and God in the Stories of Farīd al-Dīn Aṭṭar. Translated by John O'Kane. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12068-6.
- OCLC 752790641.
- Williams, John Alden, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, A.D. 743–750/A.H. 126–132. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-884-4.