Kalaureia
Native name: Καλαυρία | |
---|---|
Geography | |
Coordinates | 37°31′07″N 23°28′45″E / 37.51861°N 23.47917°E |
Archipelago | Aegean |
Administration | |
Kalaureia (
.Strabo describes the coastwise journey along the Hermionic Gulf:
- The gulf begins at the town of
Pre-classical asylum
On Calauria a Doric temple of Poseidon was built in the ancient sanctuary, possibly around 520 BCE. The dimensions of the temple are 27.4 by 14.4 m. There are six columns on each short side and twelve on each long side.
There is strong evidence that the
Another, older
Kalaureia was mentioned by Philostephanus in a lost work On Islands.
It was to Kalaureia that Demosthenes the famous orator, condemned to death with his friends by the pro-Philip Macedonian party at Athens, fled and took sanctuary in Poseidon's sanctuary; as Antipater's officers closed in, he took poison and died, 16 October 322 BCE.[8]
Legendary amphictyony
It is claimed by the Hellenistic historian
- And there was also a kind of Amphictyonic League connected with this temple, a league of seven cities which shared in the sacrifice; they were (Strabo, Geography viii.6.14.)
Troezen and Poros, which he considered the harbour of Troezen, Strabo omitted. However, there is no archaeological evidence to corroborate this list, and modern scholars believe that a feast in the ancient temenos celebrating the "revival" of the amphictyony, may have been based on a Hellenistic invention; the feast certainly existed: a third-century BCE plaque celebrating the "revival" of the Kalaureian League has been recovered.[17]
After the
Archaeological excavations
The Sanctuary was excavated by Swedish archaeologists in 1894. These early excavations are treated in Ingrid Berg's PhD thesis (Stockholm University), published in 2016.[18] Excavations were resumed in 1997, conducted by the Swedish Institute in Athens in collaboration with the Greek National Heritage Board. The results of these new excavations are published in the Institute's journal Opuscula Atheniensia (-2007) and (with open access) in Opuscula (2008-).[19][20][21][22][23][24][12] The excavations are also presented at the Institute's webpage. In 2007-2012 the extensive research program "The City, the God, and the Sea" was financed by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, and a final report of the results, written in Swedish, is available with open access at rj.se.[25]
Archaeological finds during modern excavations
During the Late Archaic period a number of buildings were erected, including the temple, Stoa D and the Propylon (Building E). Little is known about the temple constructed during this period as it was almost completely robbed out by the time of the early Swedish excavations and when modern work started only foundation trenches and roof tiles remained. The temple was a peripteral building with 6×12 columns, constructed mainly out of poros stone and was surrounded by a low wall with the main entrance on the east side and a smaller entrance in the south. Stoa D, a simple colonnaded hall, was constructed during the same period and is currently poorly preserved. Building E, usually interpreted as the sanctuary’s propylon, is somewhat better preserved. It has two identifiable rooms in addition to the entrance way, the rooms may have functioned as a bouleuterion or the seat of the amphictyony.[26][27]
Building activity continued also during the Classical period. Stoa A and Stoa B were constructed along the north side of the sanctuary. Only the foundation of the back wall of Stoa B is preserved. More is known of Stoa A which originally was a Doric building with polygonal walls covered in red plaster and with an inner Ionic colonnade. The building was destroyed already in antiquity, probably around 100 BC. Later, in Roman times, it housed several small sheds with commercial activity, suggesting that the area had an economic function at this time.[26][27]
The next major phase of building activity also took place during the late 4th century BC. Structures were erected both inside and outside of the sanctuary. Stoa D was expanded by the large trapezoidal building D to the south. Building D was composed of three rectangular rooms that opened into the Stoa. Stoa C (the fourth and final stoa) was erected at the same time to the north-east of Building D. Facing the inner open area of the sanctuary it had an outer Doric and inner Ionic colonnade. An inscription[28] suggests that the building functioned as an archive or was used for other administrative purposes.[26][27]
Several buildings have also been revealed outside of the sanctuary itself. Building E was interpreted as a bouleuterion due to the many statue bases found in front of it. The large Stoa F was located just to the west of Building E. On the other side of the modern road a rectangular structure (Building G) was located. This was formed by a courtyard which was entered from the east and surrounded by several rooms. Among the finds was a statuette of Asklepios. There is also evidence for private architecture. Immediately to the south of Building D lies the Building I; a large structure which remained in use from the Late Classical period to Roman times. The proximity to the sanctuary suggests that the temenos of Poseidon was surrounded by the city at this time and not isolated from the urban landscape.[26][27]
The most recent work on the site have focused on Area L to the south of the sanctuary and Building I, across the modern road. The identification of several large pithoi suggests that the building filled a communal function.[26]
See also
Sources
- Swedish Institute at Athens - Kalaureia (2015): https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=16&page=1
- Swedish Institute at Athens - The 2016 excavation campaign in Ancient Kalaureia: https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=80&page=1
- Swedish Institute at Athens - Kalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing) (2020): https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=329&page=1
- Swedish Institute at Athens - The Kalaureia Excavation Project 2021 (2021): https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=546&page=1
Notes
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. viii.6.3. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition. (On-line text).
- ^ Schumacher, Rob W.M. “Three Related Sanctuaries of Poseidon.” Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. Eds. Marinatos, Nanno and Hägg, Robert, Routledge: New York, 1993.
- ^ Schumacher 1993, p. 63
- ^ Schumacher 1993
- ^ Callimachus, Frag. 221
- ^ 10.5.6
- ^ Geography, 8.6.14
- ^ Oskar Seyffert, Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1894:182.
- ^ Thomas Kelly, "The Calaurian Amphictyony" American Journal of Archaeology 70.2 (April 1966:113-121); Kelly, who summarized preceding literature, was reviving a date postulated by Ernest Curtius, with new reasoning. He suggested that the league could have been formed as a defensive pact against the expansive tyrant Pheidon of Argos.
- ^ Some Mycenaean objects found at the site related to a few ancient burials without connection to Poseidon. (Kelly 1966:115, 116).
- ^ The site of the temple was excavated in 1894 by the Swedish archaeologists Sam Wide and Lennart Kjellberg and published in 1895; it had become overgrown and forgotten by tourists in the 1960s but has been "rediscovered".
- ^ S2CID 228815029. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- ^ In a fragment of Aristotle and in the Suidas, s.v. "Kalaunia" (Kelly 1966:118 note 45).
- ^ That is, "Minyan Orchomenus, in Boeotia; the eighth-century date of Orchomenus' last access to the sea and the general agreement, following Strabo, that the league was a sea league, have affected the dating of the league.
- ^ That is, Argos took the place of Nauplia; the Argives destroyed Nauplia shortly after the Second Messenian War, of uncertain date in the mid-seventh century.
- ^ That is, Sparta took the place of Prasïeis, which was conquered by Sparta shortly after the middle of the sixth century (Kelly 1966:119, noting Herodotus, i.82)
- ^ Inscriptiones Graecae IV:842 (noted in Kelly 1966:121 note 70)
- OCLC 1082199566.)
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- S2CID 193040834. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- S2CID 194849496. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- S2CID 194830390. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- S2CID 194879100. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- S2CID 210270104. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- )
- ^ a b c d e "KalaureiaKalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing) - Kalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing)". Swedish Institute at Athens. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ a b c d Penttinen, A., B. Wells et al. 2009. ‘Report on the excavations in the years 2007 and 2008 southeast of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia’, OpAthRom 2, 89–134.
- ^ IG IV 841
External links
- Media related to Kalaureia at Wikimedia Commons
- Kalaureia Archaeological Excavations