Keswick, Cumbria
Keswick | |
---|---|
Location within Cumbria | |
Population | 5,243 (2011)[1] |
OS grid reference | NY270233 |
Civil parish |
|
Unitary authority | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | KESWICK |
Postcode district | CA12 |
Dialling code | 017687 |
Police | Cumbria |
Fire | Cumbria |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Keswick (
There is evidence of
Keswick became widely known for its association with the poets
Name
The town is first recorded in Edward I's charter of the 13th century, as "Kesewik".
Prehistory
Evidence of prehistoric occupation in the area includes the
In Roman Britain Cumbria was the territory of the Carvetii.[12] As the site of the western part of Hadrian's Wall, it was of strategic importance. The north of the county is rich in archaeological evidence from the period, but nothing is known that suggests any Roman habitation in the Keswick area, other than finds that point to the existence of one or more Roman highways passing the vicinity of the present-day town.[13] Such nearby settlements as can be traced from the era of the Romans and the years after their departure seem to have been predominantly Celtic. Many local place names from the period, including that of the River Derwent, are Celtic, some closely related to Welsh equivalents.[n 2]
Several Christian saints
History
Middle Ages
Keswick's recorded history starts in the
During the 13th century, agricultural land around the town was acquired by Fountains and
Grant to Thomas de Derwentewatere, and his heirs, of a weekly market on Saturday at Kesewik in Derewentfelles, co. Cumberland, and of a yearly fair there on the vigil, the feast and the morrow of St. Mary Magdalene, and the two days following.
Keswick was granted a charter for a market in 1276 by
16th and 17th centuries: agriculture and industry
With the
Earlier copper mining had been small in scale, but
As well as copper, a new substance was found, extracted and exploited: this was variously called wad, black lead, plumbago or black cauke, and is now known as graphite. Many uses were quickly discovered for the mineral: it reduced friction in machinery, made a heat-resistant glaze for crucibles, and when used to line moulds for cannonballs, resulted in rounder, smoother balls that could be fired further by English naval cannon.[27] Later, from the second half of the 18th century, it was used to make pencils, for which Keswick became famous.[27]
The copper mines prospered for about seventy years, but by the early 17th century the industry was in decline. Demand for copper fell and the cost of extracting it was high.[28] Graphite mining continued, and quarrying for slate began to grow in importance. Other small-scale industries grew up, such as tannery and weaving. Although the boom of the mid-16th century had finished, the town's economy did not slide into ruin, and the population remained generally constant at a little under 1,000.[29]
18th and 19th centuries: beginnings of tourism
The historian George Bott regards John Dalton (1709–63) and John Brown (1715–66) as the pioneers of tourism in the Lake District. Both wrote works praising the majesty of the scenery, and their enthusiasm prompted others to visit the area. The poet Thomas Gray published an account of a five-day stay in Keswick in 1769, in which he described the view of the town as "the vale of Elysium in all its verdure", and was lyrical about the beauties of the fells and the lake.[30] His journal was widely read, and was, in Bott's phrase, "an effective public relations job for Keswick".[31] Painters such as Thomas Smith of Derby and William Bellers also contributed to the influx of visitors; engravings of their paintings of Cumberland scenery sold in large numbers, further enhancing the fame of the area.[31] In 1800 the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote, "It is no small advantage that for two-thirds of the year we are in complete retirement – the other third is alive & swarms with Tourists of all shapes & sizes."[32] Coleridge had moved to Keswick in that year, and together with his fellow Lake Poets (see below) was possibly the strongest influence on the public esteem of Keswick and the Lake District.[33]
During the 18th century and into the 19th,
The construction of the railways in the mid-19th century made the Lake District, and Keswick in particular, more accessible to visitors of modest means. The original impetus for building the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway (CKP) line came from heavy industry: the new Bessemer process of steelmaking brought a great demand for the rich iron ore from west Cumberland and the coking coal from Durham on the east side of the country. The CKP was built to enable ore and coal to be brought together at steel foundries in both counties.[38] The line opened for goods traffic in 1864, and the following year it began to carry passengers.[39] Fares varied, but holidaymakers could buy excursion tickets at discounted prices, such as six shillings for the 170-mile (270-kilometre) return journey from Preston to Keswick.[40]
In addition to its growing importance as a tourist centre, Keswick developed a reputation for its manufacture of pencils during the 19th century. It had begun on a modest scale in about 1792, as a
The Moot Hall was rebuilt in 1813, and the lower floor was used as a market house on Saturdays.
In 1883
20th century and beyond
Keswick's history throughout the 20th century was one of increasing reliance on tourism, the pencil industry being the second largest source of employment. The Cumberland Pencil Company, formed at the turn of the century, occupied a large factory near the River Greta on the road leading out of Keswick towards Cockermouth.[49] The conservation movement continued to develop; Rawnsley led successful campaigns to save the medieval Greta and Portinscale bridges from replacement with ferro-concrete structures;[50] and the National Trust continued to acquire land locally.[51] In the First World War Keswick lost many of its young men: the war memorial near Fitz Park commemorates 117 names,[52] from a population at the time of less than 4,500.[53] By the 1930s Keswick was firmly established as the main centre of tourism in Cumberland and Westmorland. An article in The Manchester Guardian in 1934 called it "the capital of the Lake District", and continued:
Keswick's chief industry is to promote the contentment and happiness of its visitors. Its pleasant position provides at the outset a tonic atmosphere ... it is set in the most delightful part of a delightful district, described by Wordsworth as "the loveliest spot that ever man has found". There are numerous places of interest and fine shops, and good accommodation is offered to visitors at reasonable prices. Keswick is the best centre from which to visit Lakeland.[54]
During the Second World War, students from
The creation of the
Ownership
In medieval times the township was within the manor of Castlerigg and Derwentwater. The earliest surviving official record of the town is the market charter of 1276 granted to the lord of the manor, Thomas de Derwentwater. The manor was granted by Alice de Romilly to Adam de Derwentwater before 1216, and subsequently passed to the Radclyffe family through marriage. The Derwentwater estate was forfeit to the Crown after the execution of James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater in 1716 for his involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1715.[65] In 1735 the Crown granted the income from the estates to support the Greenwich Hospital, London. Land to the south and west were part of Greenwich Hospital's forestry and farming estates until the 19th century.[65] In 1925 the then owner, Sir John Randles, gave the National Trust 90 acres (36 ha) of land in this estate, including the foreshore woodland.[66]
Governance
Keswick became a Local Government District in 1853 and an
Today, Keswick is administered by Keswick Town Council and Cumberland Council.
Since 2010 Keswick has been in the Copeland parliamentary constituency, having previously been part of Workington and before that Penrith and The Border.[69]
Geography
Keswick lies in north-western England, in the heart of the northern Lake District. The town is 31+1⁄2 miles (51 kilometres) southwest of Carlisle, 22 mi (35 km) northwest of Windermere and 14+1⁄4 mi (23 km) southeast of Cockermouth.[70] Derwentwater, the lake southwest of the town, measures approximately 3 mi × 1 mi (5 km × 1.5 km) and is some 72 ft (22 m) deep. It contains several islands, including Derwent Isle, Lord's Island, Rampsholme Island and St Herbert's Island, the largest. Derwent Isle is the only island on the lake that is inhabited; it is run by the National Trust and open to visitors five days a year.[71] The land between Keswick and the lake consists mainly of fields and areas of woodland, including Isthmus Wood, Cockshot Wood, Castlehead Wood and Horseclose and Great Wood, further to the south. The River Derwent flows from Derwentwater to Bassenthwaite, the most northerly of the major Cumbrian lakes. The Derwent and its tributary the Greta, which flows through Keswick, meet to the east of Portinscale.[70] The source of the Greta is near Threlkeld, at the confluence of the River Glenderamackin and St John's Beck.[72]
Keswick is in the lee of the Skiddaw group, the oldest group of rocks in the Lake District. These fells were formed during the Ordovician period, 488 to 443 million years ago;[73] they form a triangle sheltering the town, reaching a maximum height of 931 m (3,054 ft) on Skiddaw itself.[74] To the west of Portinscale, to the south-west of the village of Thornthwaite, is Whinlatter Forest Park and Grisedale Pike.[70] To the east, beyond Castlerigg stone circle, is St John's in the Vale, at the foot of the Helvellyn range, which is popular with ramblers starting from Keswick. In 2010, Electricity North West, United Utilities, the Lake District National Park Authority and the conservation charity Friends of the Lake District invested £100,000 to remove power lines and replace them with underground cables, to improve the quality of scenery in the vicinity.[75]
Climatically, Keswick is in the North West sector of the UK, which is characterised by cool summers, mild winters, and high monthly rainfalls throughout the year.[76] Keswick's wettest months fall at the end of the year, the peak average of 189.3 mm (7.45 in) falling in October. Rain, sunshine and temperature figures are shown below.
Climate data for Keswick (1991–2020 averages) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.7 (49.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 172.5 (6.79) |
135.4 (5.33) |
114.9 (4.52) |
82.8 (3.26) |
81.6 (3.21) |
89.9 (3.54) |
94.9 (3.74) |
120.2 (4.73) |
124.4 (4.90) |
175.0 (6.89) |
188.6 (7.43) |
195.2 (7.69) |
1,575.4 (62.03) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 16.8 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 15.2 | 13.5 | 17.0 | 18.2 | 17.8 | 178 |
Source: UK Met Office[77]
|
Demography
The registers of Crosthwaite Church stated that there were 238 interments in 1623, believed to have been something between a twelfth and a tenth of the whole population of the parish at that time.[78] In the 1640s there was a sharp fall in population, brought on by the plague epidemic which affected Keswick, Carlisle, Cockermouth and Crosthwaite and other areas in 1645–47.[79]
In the 1801 census, the township of Keswick, including the town and surrounding hamlets, had a reported population of 1,350 people. The population grew at a steady rate, increasing to 1,683 in 1811, 1,901 in 1821, 2,159 in 1831, 2,442 in 1841, and 2,618 in 1851.[80] In 1871 the township had a population of 2,777 people.[81] The population grew at a faster rate towards the late 19th century and by 1901 it stood at 4,451 people.[82] There has been little fluctuation in population since, and in the 1991 census the town had a population of 4,836. In the 2001 census, 4,984 people were recorded, and 4,821 in 2011.[83] At the 2021 census, 54.3% of the population identified as Christian, 37.8% as non-religious, 0.4% as Buddhist, 0.3% as Muslim, 0.2% as Hindu, and 0.3% as some other faith. The remaining 6.7 per cent did not specify their religion.[84]
Landmarks
Keswick is the home of the Theatre by the Lake, opened in 1999.
The town is the site of the
Greta Hall (see Lake Poets, below), is a Grade I listed building. The home of Coleridge in 1800–04 and Southey from 1803 until 1843, it later became part of Keswick School and is now in private ownership, partly divided into holiday flats.[93] The three-storey house dates to the late 18th century and features a flush-panelled central double door with Gothic top panels and Venetian windows. A carved oak fireplace inside is dated to 1684.[94] The Moot Hall is a prominent Grade II* listed building situated at the southern end of Main Street. It was built in 1571 and rebuilt in 1695, and the current building dates to 1813. It is built of lime-washed stone and slate walling, and has a square tower on the north end with a round-arched doorway and a double flight of exterior steps.[95] At the top of the tower is what the Keswick Tourist Information Board describes as an "unusual one-handed clock". Formerly an assembly building,[96] The Moot Hall contains a tourist information centre on the ground floor, with an art gallery on the floor above.[97]
The prominent social thinker and art critic
Churches
Until 1838, Keswick had no
The
There are no other religious buildings in Keswick; Muslim worship was accommodated on Fridays in a room at the local council building in Main Street. This has since discontinued.[105]
Public houses and hotels
Keswick's old inns and their successors include many listed buildings, mainly Grade II in designation.
The following are the listed buildings in Keswick. The listings are graded:[106]
- 10–15, Borrowdale Road (Grade II)
- 123 and 125, Main Street (Grade II)
- 17–23, St John's Street (Grade II)
- 18, High Hill (Grade II)
- 2, Eskin Street (Grade II)
- 25, St John's Street (Grade II)
- 3, Penrith Road (Grade II)
- 3–6, High Hill (Grade II)
- 36–50, St John's Street (Grade II)
- 4 and 6, Derwent Street (Grade II)
- 4 and 6, Eskin Street (Grade II)
- 6–12, Police Station Court (Grade II)
- 8 and 10, Eskin Street (Grade II)
- 85–91, Main Street (Grade II)
- Balustrading, Urns, and Terrace Wall to Garden on North Side of Castlerigg Manor (Grade II)
- Brigham Forge Cottages (Grade II)
- Calvert's Bridge (Grade II)
- Castlerigg Manor (Catholic Youth Centre) (Grade II)
- Castlerigg Manor Lodge (Grade II)
- Central Hotel (Grade II)
- Chestnut Hill House Shelley Cottage with Adjoining Stables and Coach House to North (Grade II)
- Church of St John (Grade II*)
- Church of St Kentigern (Grade II*)
- County Hotel (Grade II)
- Crosthwaite Sunday School (Grade II)
- Crosthwaite Vicarage (Grade II)
- Derwent Isle House (Grade II)
- Forge Bridge (Grade II)
- Formerly Mayson's Shop (Grade II)
- George Hotel (Grade II)
- Greta House (Grade I)
- Heads House (Grade II)
- Ivy Cottage (Grade II)
- Keswick Industrial Arts (Grade II)
- Keswick Railway Station Building and Platform (Grade II)
- King's Arms Hotel (Grade II)
- Oak Cottage Oak Lodge (Grade II)
- Oddfellows Arms Public House (Grade II)
- Packhorse Inn Including Attached Former Stables (Grade II)
- Police Station and Magistrates Court (Grade II)
- Priorholm Hotel (Grade II)
- Royal Oak Hotel (Grade II)
- Ruskin Monument (Grade II)
- Skiddaw Cottage (Grade II)
- Small Outbuilding Opposite Packhorse Inn and Behind Ye Olde Friars (Grade II)
- The Bank Tavern (Grade II)
- The Dog and Gun Public House (Grade II)
- The Moot Hall (Grade II*)
- The Old Chapel at Landing Stage (Grade II)
- Toll Bar Cottage (Grade II)
Education and health
The Crosthwaite Free Grammar School, adjoining Crosthwaite churchyard, was an ancient institution, its date of foundation uncertain.
Junior education is provided by St Herbert's School, which had a roll of 263 in 2013.
The Mary Hewetson Cottage Hospital, founded in 1892, has fifteen beds and a minor injuries unit.[120] It underwent a major rebuilding and upgrade in 2013.[121]
Sport
Keswick is home to Keswick Football Club. The principal team plays in the Westmorland League Division One, and it also has a reserve team which plays in Westmorland League Division Two, a female team which plays in the Cumbria League, juniors who compete in the under-16, under-14, under-12 and under-10 categories in the Penrith Junior Football League; there is a veteran team, which competes in the Cumbria League.[122] Keswick Rugby Union Football Club, established in 1879, plays at Davidson Park, and has teams that play in the Cumbrian League and the Cumbria Rugby Union Raging Bull Competition.[123] The rugby club is involved in the organisation of the Keswick Half Marathon, usually held in the first week of May.[124]
Keswick Tennis Club has grass courts in upper Fitz Park, and also runs hard courts on Keswick's Community Sports Area in the lower park area. Keswick Cricket Club was established in the 1880s. Its principal team competes in the North Lancashire and Cumbria Cricket League, Premier Division.[125] The second team plays in the Eden Valley Cricket League, 3rd Division, and the club also has junior under-11, under-13, and under-15 teams and a women's cricket team. Keswick Fitz Park Bowls Club was founded in 1882.[126]
In cycling, Keswick hosted the Keswick Bikes Borrowdale Cross of the North West League, second round, in September 2010 for junior riders, an event that was supported by the
Transport
Keswick is on the A66 road linking Workington and Penrith, as well as the A591, linking the town to Windermere, Kendal and Carlisle (via the A595).[130]
There are no rail links to Keswick; the line built in the 1860s for the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway closed in 1972.[n 5] Since the 1990s a plan to rebuild it has been under discussion.[132] Some 90 per cent of the earthworks of the railway still exist, but according to 2000 estimates, a reopening would cost £25 million.[133] In 2014 the only public transport serving the towns and villages on the old railway route is a bus service operating at mostly hourly intervals. The bus journey from the main line station at Penrith to Keswick takes a scheduled 47 minutes.[134]
The town is served by other bus routes providing direct connections with Carlisle, Cockermouth, Kendal, Lancaster, Penrith, Windermere, Workington, and other towns and villages in the north west.[135] The flow of traffic from Penrith to Cockermouth and beyond was eased after the A66 was diverted to a new bypass in 1974, a development that caused controversy because of a prominent new viaduct carrying the road across the Greta Gorge to the north of the town.[136]
The majority of visitors arrive by car and are catered for by three town centre car parks, another large one next to the Theatre by the Lake, and smaller ones elsewhere in the town.[137]
Media
Regional television programmes and local news are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the Caldbeck and local relay transmitters. [138] [139]
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 95.6 FM, Smooth Lake District on 101.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 96.4 FM, and Lake District Radio, a community radio station that broadcast online. [140]
Local newspapers are The Keswick Reminder and
Culture
Regular events
Annual events in the town's calendar include the Keswick Film Festival (February–March). It features screenings of old and new films, interviews with directors, and the festival's Osprey Awards for short films by local filmmakers.[142] The ten-day Words by the Water literary festival is held in March every year, based at the Theatre by the Lake. The festival began in 1995, and events have been presented by Melvyn Bragg, Louis de Bernières, Germaine Greer, Steve Jones, Penelope Lively, Princess Michael of Kent, Michael Rosen and Joanna Trollope.[143]
In May each year, Keswick is host to three contrasting events. The Keswick Half Marathon, in the early part of the month takes participants around Derwentwater with an additional loop into Newlands Valley.[144] In the second week of May there is the four-day Keswick Jazz Festival, with more than 100 jazz events at a dozen local venues. Participants include British and international exponents of mainstream and traditional jazz.[144] After the Jazz Festival is the four-day Keswick Mountain Festival in mid-May. In the words of the organisers, the festival "celebrates everything we all love about the outdoors".[144] It includes ghyll scrambling, mountain biking, guided walks, map reading, canoeing, climbing, a triathlon and other events.[144]
The main event of the town's calendar in June is the Keswick Beer Festival, a two-day event that attracts more than 5,000 participants each year.[144] July is marked by the opening of the annual Keswick Convention, an international gathering of Evangelical Christians, described in 1925 as "the last stronghold of British Puritanism",[145] promoting biblical teaching and pious lifestyles.[146] Among those associated with the Convention have been Frank Buchman and Billy Graham.[147] The event has grown from a single week to three weeks, straddling the latter part of July and early August.[144]
In August, Keswick features the Derwentwater Regatta. It was inaugurated by the eccentric local landowner Joseph Pocklington in 1792,[148] and after a lapse of more than two centuries was revived in 2013.[149] Its organisers describe it as "A weekend of mayhem and madness afloat, with the chance to climb aboard in a variety of races on Derwentwater".[144] The Keswick Agricultural Show, founded in 1860, has traditionally been held on August Bank Holiday Monday at the western edge of the town on the Crossing Fields section of the open land known as the Howrahs.[n 6] The show features both commercial and charity stands, and attracts large numbers of competitors, exhibitors and spectators.[144] From 2014 the venue has changed to Pump Field, a few hundred yards further from the town centre towards Braithwaite.[151]
Classical music is presented throughout the year, both in conjunction with the Lake District Summer Music Festival
Lake Poets and other Keswick notables
Coleridge and
Among Keswick notables before the Lake Poets was Sir John Bankes, a leading Royalist during the English Civil War. He was Charles I's Attorney General and Chief Justice. Bankes was born at Castlerigg near Keswick in 1589.[161] A bust in his memory is in upper Fitz Park close to the museum.[162] In 2014 he was further commemorated by the conversion of the former Keswick courthouse into a bar named in his honour with his full title, "The Chief Justice of the Common Pleas".[163]
Later residents of the area have included the classical scholar, essayist, poet and founder of the
Of literary figures after the Lake Poets among those most closely associated with Keswick was the novelist Hugh Walpole. In 1924 he moved into Brackenburn, a house between Keswick and Grange at the opposite end of Derwentwater.[168] Like the Lake Poets in the previous century, he wrote enthusiastically about the Lake District, and its scenery and atmosphere often found their way into his fiction. He wrote in 1939, "That I love Cumberland with all my heart and soul is another reason for my pleasure in writing these Herries books. That I wasn't born a Cumbrian isn't my fault: that Cumbrians, in spite of my 'foreignness', have been so kind to me, is my good fortune."[169]
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Other suggested derivations include "kesh" (water hemlock), "Ketelswick" (after a supposed Viking settler) and "kis" (a Norwegian term for iron pyrites).[7] Among those espousing the "cheese-farm" origin, Ekwall and Whaley equate the name of Keswick with that of the London area Chiswick; Whaley writes that the former's "K" is due to Scandinavian influence.[6][8]
- ^ "Derwent" derives from "dervā", meaning "river where oaks are common", which Ekwall compares with the Welsh "derw".[14]
- ^ The figures for the 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses were respectively 4,836, 4,984 and 4,821.[60]
- ^ The respective figures are 1.9 compared to 3.5%; 15.5 to 7%; and 0.3 to 1%.[64]
- British Railways.[131]
References
- ^ "Neighbourhood statistics" Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Office for National Statistics, retrieved 18 June 2015
- ^ "Planning – Keswick Parish". Lake District National Park. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ a b Maxwell Lyte et al., p. 200
- ^ Flom, George T. "The Origin of the Place-Name 'Keswick'" Archived 7 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Volume 18, number 2, April 1919, pp. 221–225 (subscription required)
- ^ Ekwall, p. 273; and Mills, A. D. "Keswick" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, A Dictionary of British Place Names, Oxford University Press, 2011; Oxford Reference, retrieved 23 June 2014 (subscription required)
- ^ a b Whaley, pp. lx, 195 and 423
- ^ Bott, p. 10
- ^ Ekwall, p. 106
- ^ Barrie, p. 90
- ^ Collingwood, p. 6
- ^ Bott, p. 3
- ^ Charles-Edwards, p. 11
- ^ Rice, p. 92; and Bott, p. 4
- ^ Ekwall, p. 143
- ^ a b Bott, pp. 4–5
- ^ Wilson and Kaye, pp. 5–6
- ^ Charles-Edwards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–58
- ^ a b Bott, p. 11
- ^ Wilson and Kaye, p. 8
- ^ Rice, p. 103
- ^ Rice, p. 95
- ^ Bott, p. 12; Jackson, p. 119; and "Keswick" Archived 6 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Visit Cumbria, retrieved 29 August 2014
- ^ Bott, pp. 12–13
- ^ Linton, p. 58
- ^ Camden, p. 170
- ^ a b Bott, p. 17
- ^ a b Bott, pp. 22–23
- ^ Bott, p. 20
- ^ Bott, pp. 28–30
- ^ Gray, p. 325
- ^ a b Bott, p. 39
- ^ Lindopp p. 165
- ^ a b c d Bott, pp. 73–79
- ^ Bott, pp. 30–31
- ^ a b Bott, p. 43
- ^ Bott, p. 91; and Olsen, p. 124
- ^ "The Growth of Keswick, with particular reference to its inns" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Wordsworth Trust, retrieved 29 August 2014
- ^ Bott, p. 93
- ^ Gradon, p. 23
- ^ Bott, p. 96
- ^ Bott, pp. 23–24
- ^ Bott, p. 122
- ^ Bott, pp. 88 and 122
- ^ Brasher, Christopher. "Secrets of a success story", The Guardian, 9 July 1978, p. 11
- ^ "Hand Workers in Metals", The Times, 1 September 1933, p. 14; and Bott, p. 150
- ^ Murphy, Graham. "Rawnsley, Hardwicke Drummond (1851–1920)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, retrieved 2 October 2014 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Rice, p. 106
- ^ "The History of The National Trust in Cumbria" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Visit Cumbria, retrieved 27 August 2014
- ^ Bott, p. 24
- ^ "The Care of Old Bridges", The Times, 30 October 1911, p. 9; and "Portinscale Bridge", The Manchester Guardian, 1 November 1911, p. 8
- ^ "Friar's Crag for the Nation: Memorial to Canon Rawnsley", The Manchester Guardian, 5 February 1921, p. 6
- ^ "War Memorials Elsewhere: Keswick, Cumbria" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Yorkshire Regiment, retrieved 28 August 2014
- ^ "1911 Census – Keswick" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Vision of Britain, University of Portsmouth, retrieved 3 September 2014
- ^ "Keswick and the Lake District", The Manchester Guardian, 24 March 1934, p. 17
- ^ Wilkinson, pp. 139 and 170–171; "Former St Katharine's College" Archived 10 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, English Heritage; and "History of Roedean" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Roedean, both retrieved 30 June 2014
- ^ Wilkinson, pp. 74–75
- ^ Wilkinson, p. 123
- ^ Wilkinson, pp. 136–138
- ^ Robinson, Jeremy Rowan. "A sort of national property: managing the Lake District National Park – the first 60 years" Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Lake District National Park, retrieved 29 August 2014
- ^ "Keswick (Cumbria)" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, City Population, retrieved 28 August 2014
- ^ "End of an era at pencil factory" Archived 7 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 5 June 2007, retrieved 29 August 2014
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External links
Media related to Keswick, Cumbria at Wikimedia Commons Keswick, Cumbria travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Keswick Town Council
- Cumbria County History Trust: Keswick (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
- Keswick web cam
- Keswick Leisure Pool